Systematic screening for diabetic retinopathy with a digital fundus camera following pupillary dilatation in a university diabetes department.

AIMS: Screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is highly inadequate in France because of insufficient infrastructure and increasing disease prevalence. We describe the results of the first systematic DR screening programme established in a university diabetes department. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study conducted over 1 year, consecutive adult patients underwent three-field retinal photography with the Topcon TRC NW6S digital fundus camera following pupillary dilatation with Tropicamide 1%. A questionnaire provided information on patients' systemic and ocular history. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured at the screening visit.Two ophthalmologists graded the retinal photographs in a masked fashion. RESULTS: Of 1157 patients attending the diabetes department, 1153 (99.7%)underwent photographic screening. Images were gradable in 96% patients.Diabetic retinopathy was detected in 522 (45%) patients and sight-threatening DR in 167 (14%). Of 704 (61%) patients previously believed to have no DR,254 (34%) screened positive. The presence of DR was associated with age,insulin use and non-Caucasian ethnicity in Type 2 patients, and with duration of diabetes and HbA1c in Type 1 and Type 2 patients. Associated ocular pathologies were diagnosed in 612 (53%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our photographic screening programme using pharmacological mydriasis provided a high screening coverage feasible in a hospital setting. We obtained information regarding prevalence and associated risk factors of DR inpatients attending a tertiary care centre. Screening was well accepted by patients and met with no protest from city ophthalmologists. It generated considerable interest among endocrinologists and feedback of results is expected to improve optimization of glycaemic control.     

儿童散瞳电脑验光与检影验光对比

目的:探讨电脑验光和检影验光在儿童散瞳前后验光效果,了解电脑验光仪是否能在儿童中应用.方法:对我院进行验光的500例1000眼屈光不正儿童相关资料进行分析,患儿首先进行电脑验光,然后使用10g/L硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶滴眼,3d后分别进行电脑验光和检影验光,比较两种验光效果.结果:近视性屈光不正电脑验光组球镜度数为2.70±2.75DS、柱镜度数为1.54± 1.10DC,均低于检影验光组(P＜0.05);两组轴位差异不显著(P＜0.05);远视性屈光不正电脑验光组球镜度数为-2.35±2.18DS、柱镜度数为-1.50±1.15DC,低于检影验光组(P＜0.05);两组轴位差异不显著(P＞0.05);散瞳前散光度为1.54±1.10D、散光轴为14.38±11.11度;散瞳后电脑验光散光度为1.45±1.21D、散光轴为12.78±10.31度,显著高于检影验光(P＜0.05);两种验光方法所测球镜绝对值的差值≤0.50D,占75％(350/500),≤1.00D的占77.4％(387/500),409例柱镜绝对值的差值≤0.50D,占81.8％.结论:儿童验光配镜关乎儿童视觉发育,电脑验光和检影验光均有利弊,且电脑验光不能取代检影验光可将其作为快速验光的辅助工具.     

Changes of intraocular pressure and refractive status in children following cycloplegic refraction with 1% cyclopentolate and 1% tropicamide

Purpose:

To evaluate the effect of cycloplegic mydriasis with 1% cyclopentolate and 1% tropicamide on the intraocular pressure (IOP) and refractive status of children for cycloplegic refraction and compare the [OP and refractive changes between hyperopic and myopic groups.

Methods:

This study was designed as a retrospective cohort study. Ninety one children received cycloplegic mydriasis. The IOP was measured with a noncontact tonometer before cycloplegic administration. One drop of 1% cyclopentolate was administered, which was followed by two drops of 1% tropicamide at an interval of 10 minutes. The IOP was then measured 30 minutes after tropicamide instillation. Autorefraction was assessed with an autorefractometer before and after cycloplegic mydriasis.

Results:

The mean age of the 44 girls and 47 boys was 7.3 ± 2.4 years. The mean precycloplegic IOP was 14.45 ± 2.47 mmHg and the mean postcycloplegic IOP was 15.06 ± 3.08 mmHg in all eyes. A significant difference was noted in the IOP change (p = 0.033). In the 39 hyperopic eyes, the mean precycloplegic IOP and postcycloplegic IOP were 14.54 ± 2.53 mmHg and 15.69 ± 3.35 mmHg, respectively. There was a significant difference in the IOP change (p = 0.008). In the 52 myopic eyes, the mean precycloplegic IOP and postcycloplegic IOP were 14.38 ± 2.44 mmHg and 14.61 ± 2.80 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.72). There was no significant IOP change in the myopic group. The postcycloplegic IOP was significantly different between the hyperopic and the myopic groups (p = 0.021). Three eyes (3.3%) had an IOP elevation more than 5.0 mmHg after cycloplegic mydriasis. Postcycloplegic refraction showed significant hyperopic shifts in all eyes (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Cycloplegic mydriasis with 1% cyclopentolate and 1% tropicamide caused IOP changes in preschool and school-aged children with hyperopia. Ophthalmologists should be very cautious in monitoring IOP changes for children with cycloplegic medication use.     

Anterior segment changes after pharmacologic mydriasis using Pentacam and optical coherence tomography in angle closure suspects

AIM:To compare the dynamic changes of anterior segment parameters especially iris morphology induced by pharmacologic mydriasis between angle closure suspects and normal controls.METHODS:The study group comprised 19 eyes of 19 angle closure suspects and 19 eyes of 19 age- and sex-matched normal open-angle eyes. Pentacam and optical coherence tomography measurements before and 30min after instillation of compound tropicamide eye drop were performed and compared. Biometric evaluations of iris tomography and anterior chamber angle were estimated by a customized image-processing software.RESULTS:Baseline axial length, iris cross sectional area and volume did not differ significantly between angle closure suspects and normal controls. Angle closure suspects had smaller pupil size, narrower anterior segment dimension and axial length, thinner iris with greater curve in comparison with normal controls. Pharmacologic mydriasis led to significant increments in iris thickness at 750 μm, anterior chamber depth and volume, whereas significant decrements in iris curve, cross sectional area and volume in both groups. Angle opening distance at 500 μm was increased significantly in normal controls (from 0.465±0.115 mm to 0.539±0.167 mm, P=0.009), but not in angle closure suspects (from 0.125±0.100 mm to 0.145±0.131 mm, P=0.326). Iris volume change per millimeter of pupil dilation (△IV/△PD) decreased significantly less in angle closure suspects than normal controls (-2.47±1.33 mm² vs -3.63±1.58 mm², P=0.019). Linear regression analysis showed that the change of angle opening distance at 500 μm was associated most with the change of central anterior chamber depth (β=0.841, P=0.002) and △IV/△PD (β=0.028, P=0.002), followed by gender (β=0.062, P=0.032).CONCLUSION:Smaller iris volume decrement per millimeter of pupil dilation is related significantly with the less anterior angle opening in angle closure suspects after pharmacologic mydriasis. Dynamic iris change may be as a prospective indicator of iris compressibility and angle closure glaucoma.     

Unilateral pupillary mydriasis from nebulized ipratropium bromide: A false sign of brain herniation in the intensive care unit

Although there are many causes of anisocoria in the intensive care setting, the development of unilateral mydriasis in patients with intracranial hemorrhage or tumor is a neurological emergency, as it may herald the onset of uncal herniation. We describe two patients with a hemiparesis from neurosurgical disorder who subsequently developed a fixed and dilated pupil. The pupillary abnormality was caused by nebulized ipratropium bromide in both cases, and resolved when the medication was discontinued. Nebulized ipratropium may leak from the mask into ipsilateral eye and cause mydriasis in patients with facial weakness. This benign cause of anisocoria in the intensive care setting is distinguished from uncal herniation by the laterality of neurologic findings, and lack of mental status change, ptosis, and extraocular movement impairment.     

美多丽-P诊断性散瞳前后眼压差异的研究

目的:观察用美多丽-P诊断性散瞳后眼压的变化情况。方法:选取2006-12/2007-02间在本院眼科门诊就诊患者56例(87眼),进行诊断性散瞳,散瞳前后用非接触式眼压计(NCT,Topcon CT-80A)分别进行眼压测量,比较散瞳前后眼压的差异。结果:活动性散瞳后双眼眼压均比散瞳前升高,两者差值分别为:右眼2.00±1.70mmHg,左眼1.77±1.94mmHg(P<0.001)差异具有统计学意义。对于同时进行双眼活动性散瞳的31例患者的左右眼间差异进行比较,差值为0.39±1.28mmHg,P>0.05无统计学意义。相同眼别,活动性散瞳前后进行相关性比较,右眼r=0.853,左眼r=0.806,P<0.01,具有统计学意义。结论:散瞳后可引起眼压的升高,甚至有诱发急性青光眼的可能,因此诊断性散瞳前对基础眼压的测量尤为重要,有利于保证医疗护理工作的安全。     

Ophthalmoplegic migraine with alternating unilateral and bilateral internal ophthalmoplegia

We describe a patient with ophthalmoplegic migraine and internal ophthalmoplegia with alternating unilateral involvement and bilateral involvement in whom brain MRI scan showed alternating gadolinium enhancement on the cisternal portion of the oculomotor nerve.     

散瞳剂托吡卡胺不同间期给药对散瞳效果的影响

近年来青少年屈光不正,特别是近视的发病率及患病率呈不断增高趋势,给青少年的日常生活、工作、学习带来诸多不便和烦恼,已成为社会普遍关注的问题。迄今,近视尚无理想的预防和治疗方法,配戴镜片矫正仍是大家公认的最为有效的治疗方法[1]。配戴镜片需要散瞳验光,新型快速散瞳剂     

Osborn’s Brain: Imaging,Pathology, and Anatomy

We report 3 cases of intermittent mydriasis preceding the demonstration of cholinergic supersensitivity. All 3 patients were women with a history of migrainous headaches, although the headaches were not necessarily associated with the mydriatic episodes. One patient ultimately developed classic Adie pupil. Our cases raise several important questions regarding so-called “benign pupillary dilation of the young” and its relationship with Adie tonic pupil. Our demonstration of probable transient parasympathetic dysfunction suggests that pharmacologic testing with dilute pilocarpine should be considered in patients reporting isolated intermittent mydriasis.