Incidence of stroke in the diabetic compared with the non‐diabetic population: A systematic review protocol

People with diabetes have a largely increased risk of stroke compared with people without diabetes. Exact data on incidence of stroke in people with and without diabetes are important for improvements in preventive diabetes care, avoidance of fatal outcomes and as a solid basis for health policy and the economy. However, published data are conflicting, underlining the necessity for this systematic review of population‐based studies on incidence, relative risks (RRs) and changes in stroke rates over time. The purpose of our review is to evaluate the incidence of stroke in the diabetic population and its differences with regard to sex, ethnicity, age and regions; to compare the incidence rate (IR) in the diabetic and non‐diabetic populations and to investigate time trends. We will perform a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, Embase and LILACS designed by an experienced information scientist. Two review authors will independently screen the abstracts and full texts of all references on the basis of inclusion criteria regarding types of study, types of population and the main outcome. Data extraction and assessment of risk of bias will be undertaken by two review authors working independently. We will assess IR or cumulative incidence (CumI) and RR of stroke comparing the diabetic and non‐diabetic populations. The attributable risk (AR = proportion of stroke among persons with diabetes that is attributable to diabetes) and the population attributable risk (PAR = proportion of stroke in the whole population that is attributable to diabetes) will be considered where available. In conclusion, this review will help to summarize the available evidence for incidence of stroke in the diabetic and nondiabetic population. The publication of this protocol will contribute to making the search strategy, methods, and assessment of reviews transparent and accessible for all involved professional groups.     

Frequency and time trends of spontaneous tumors found in B6C3F1 mice oncogenicity studies over 10 years

Historical data from 2883 B6C3F1 mice used as controls in 29 two-year oncogenicity studies terminated between 1988 and 1998 were analyzed for possible time trends in mortality, terminal body weight and tumor incidences. There was no time trend in terminal body weights. Concerning mortality data a slight decreasing trend (p > 0.05) was evident in males, whereas in females mortality rates increased significantly (p = 0.0009). The overall tumor spectrum of the collectives used was roughly in line with the tumor profile known for B6C3F1 mice. Most tumor types occurred in the hematopoietic tissue, liver, lungs, Harderian glands, vascular system, endocrinium (pituitary, adrenals and thyroids) or female reproductive organs. In comparison to literature data mice used in our lab exhibited less hepatocellular tumors and lung adenomas. Hepatocellular adenomas (females only) and carcinomas (both sexes) as well as adenomas in the Harderian glands decreased significantly over the time examined. For ovarian cystadenomas as well as uterine polyps and uterine stromal sarcomas significantly positive time trends were calculated. A positive time trend was also found for adrenal adenomas in males (p < 0.05) and histiocytic sarcomas in females (p > 0.05). Lymphomas occurred with increasing incidences over time in males (p < 0.05) and females (p < 0.05). Other factors such as genetic drifts might be responsible for these trends rather than changes in the body weights, which remained stable over 10 years.     

PDCA循环在降低术后患者静脉留置针脱管率中的应用

目的探讨运用PDCA循环列临床采用无针密闭连接针头在降低术后患者静脉留置针脱管率的应用成效。方法以QC小组活动形式开展一轮PDCA循环,比较PDCA循环运用前（181例）患者使用普通静脉留置针和运用后（342例）患者使用无针密闭连接针头发生的脱管率。结果实施PDCA循环前患者使用普通静脉留置针的脱管率与实施PDCA循环后患者使用无针密闭连接针头的脱管率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论运用PDCA循环对采用无针密闭连接针头置针有效降低术后患者输液的脱管率,避免了脱管的不良护理事件,保证了静脉输液安全管理,提高了护理服务的质量及患者的满意度,值得临床推广使用。     

Frequency of sensitisation to the preservative Kathon® CG

The incidences of sensitisation to Kathon CG are reported for patients routinely tested from 1984 to 1986 in Bari, London, Louvain, Nijmegen, Oulu and San Francisco. For these 3 years, the overall frequency of sensitisation varied for women from 3.3% in Oulu to 0.6% in London and San Francisco and for men from 1.4% in Oulu to 0% in San Francisco. Women were predominantly sensitised, probably by cosmetics, toiletries and domestic cleaners. Occupational sensitisation was much less frequent.     

Differences in Cancer Risks in the South and North of Viet Nam

Background: As there are few available data regarding cancers in Viet Nam, the aim of the present study was toevaluate cancer risk ratios and geographical differences in cancer incidences between the south and north populationsin the 1990s.Methods: Data for cancer incidences in Ho Chi Minh (HCM) and Hanoi were derived from published reports.The method for comparison of cancer incidence in two groups used in the present study was the Mantel-Haenszeltest.Results: In HCM, all cancers were observed to be lower in males , (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.83-0.91) but higher infemales, (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01-1.12) than in Hanoi. For males, significantly higher incidences in HCM wereobserved for cancers of the oesophagus (RR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.19-2.32), liver (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09-1.36), gallbladder (RR = 5.95, 95% CI = 2.49-14.23), and larynx (RR = 3.54, 95% CI = 2.26-5.55). In contrast, there were muchlower incidences in HCM for cancers of the nasopharynx (RR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.41-0.61), stomach (RR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.67-0.86), and lung (RR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.64-0.78). For females, breast cancer incidence was much lower (RR= 0.65, 95% CI = 0.57-0.73) but that of cervical cancer was significantly higher in HCM than in Hanoi, (RR = 3.94,95% CI = 3.36-4.62), especially for the age group 55-64, (RR = 8.7, 95% CI = 5.9-13.3).Conclusion: The present findings show that cancer risk is quite different in the south and north populationswithin Viet Nam.     

应用圆形分布对福建省不同类型地区流脑发病季节的分析

本文收集了福建省1980年流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)发病资料共3337例,划分为山区、平原及沿海三类地区,应用圆形分布计算其发病高峰时点,并对不同地区流脑发病高峰时间作了比较,提示不同地区发病高峰时间不同(P<0.01)。这对于不同地区流脑疫苗接种时间的合理安排提供了科学依据,为有效预防流脑发生和流行具有一定的现实意义。     

2004—2014年突发中毒事件毒物谱分析

目的 分析我国突发中毒事件的毒物种类及危害, 为预防和应对突发中毒事件的发生?相关政策制定及技术方法研究等提供依据?方法 收集整理中国疾病预防控制中心“突发公共卫生事件管理信息系统” 2004 年1月1日至2014 年12 月31 日期间报告的突发中毒事件信息并进行统计分析?结果 2004—2014 年共报告突发中毒事件49 939起, 致208 672人中毒, 病死率为2. 39%?经口中毒事件4 614起, 中毒134 221人, 病死率为1. 58%, 居前5 位的毒物类型为细菌(52. 33%)?植物(12. 27%)?化学品(4. 53%)?农药(3. 55%) 和真菌(2. 95%), 毒蘑菇中毒病死率最高(19. 78%)?经呼吸道或/ 和皮中毒事件45 325起, 74 451人中毒, 病死率为3. 86%, 居前5 位的毒物类型为窒息性气体?刺激性气体?有机溶剂?农药和混合气体; 真菌?植物?农药?窒息性气体?有机溶剂?刺激性气体中毒事件有季节性?结论 我国突发中毒事件发生频繁, 危害严重?各地应根据不同类别毒物特征开展相关预防控制措施, 提高有毒生物检测鉴定能力, 加强科普宣传, 预防突发中毒事件发生并降低毒物危害?     

Estimation of Cancer Incidence in Japan with an Age-Period-Cohort Model

Cancer has been the primary cause of death in Japan for many years and accurate cancer incidence dataare necessary in order to make plans for cancer control. Although population-based cancer registries are thebest answer, regrettably there are still many regions with low accuracy registries. In an alternative estimation,cancer incidences have been analyzed by age-period-cohort (APC) models, allowing future prediction of cancerincidences in 2004. Considering the unexpectedly rapid aging of the Japanese population after this figure wasreported, it would be worthwhile to examine more recent data. In this study, we therefore projected majorcancer incidences based on the earlier results leaving estimated values for the age and cohort effects. Relating tothe period effect, the most adequate scenario was selected from 12 projection methods. Furthermore, incidenceswhen registration rates varied between 70 and 100% were calculated. As a result, different trend from reportedincidences were observed for liver cancer in males, and trends of registration rates differed by sites. Until stableaccurate registration data become available, it is difficult to judge whether predicted increase is real or only looksso because the registration rate is not 100%. However, it is clearly necessary to continuously observe variationin cancer incidences.