无偿献血宣传招募工作的实践和思考

该文总结该市2017年1月-2018年12月之间,在无偿献血宣传招募方面工作内容。结果显示2018年较2017年献血总量有所提升,其中团体献血所占比例逐渐上升,街头献血所占比例逐渐下降。通过大力宣传无偿献血工作,扩大无偿献血团体招募工作,完善并深化无偿献血各项制度,使得普通群众的无偿献血认知度不断提高。     

Matching blood donations to type-specific product needs: A recruitment technique

The conversion of multiple whole blood donors to apheresis donors is a challenge since a rapidly expanding apheresis donor base could erode homologous collections. We addressed this concern with a plan to enhance apheresis recruitment as well as donations among homologous donors with types O and B blood. Focusing the donor's attention on blood type as it relates to type-specific product needs was the basis of our approach. A matrix was used to recruit the desired types for the desired procedures (whole blood, platelet/plasma apheresis). The matrix instructed donors of blood types O, A-, and B- to primarily give whole blood and to give apheresis as a secondary donation. Donors AB, A+, and B+ were primarily directed to apheresis donations, whole blood donation being secondary. A+ and O- donors only gave their secondary donation if they were at maximum donations with the primary donation. The collections by blood type in percentages for 12 months of 1992/93 for whole blood were O+ 38.9, 0- 7.3, A+ 29.5, A- 5.7, B+ 11.9, B- 2.1, AB+ 3.7, AB+ 0.7. For apheresis it was 0+ 36.2, 0- 6.7, A+ 33.0, A- 6.6, B+ 10.4, B- 1.2, AB+ 4.9, AB+ 1.0. In 1992/93, A+ and B+ apheresis collections as compared to total apheresis collections increased by 4.9% and 13.7%, respectively. For O group apheresis donations, a decrease of 2.5% was shown and A+ whole blood donations decreased by 5.35%. During the same period of time, total apheresis collections increased by 3,058 units. We demonstrated that integration of apheresis recruitment with type-specific whole blood recruitment yielded significant increases of type-specific products.     

Carbon dioxide recruitment threshold as a predictor of successful weaning in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A pilot study

Abstract Several methods have been used to predict successful weaning and extubation among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The objective of this study is to determine whether carbon dioxide recruitment threshold (PCO₂RT) can be used as adjunct to conventional weaning parameters to predict early weaning and successful extubation. Twelve COPD patients who were ready to be extubated based on conventional weaning parameters were divided into group A ( n = 7) and group B ( n = 5). Group A were those patients with better weaning parameters and hence a higher probability of successful extubation as compared to group B. Carbon dioxide apnoeic threshold (PCO₂AT) was obtained by hyperventilating the patient using an increment of two breaths per min until apnoea occurs. At this point, the PCO₂AT or the PaCO₂ during said apnoeic period was recorded. A dead space of 150 cc is then added to the circuit until the patient starts to breathe as evidenced by the sensitivity trigger indicator. The PCO₂ obtained at this period is termed PCO₂RT. After weaning for 30 min on a T-tube, another arterial blood gas is determined and this is called the PCO₂SB or the CO₂ level after 30 min on spontaneous breathing. If the PCO₂SB-PCO₂RT difference is high with a sensitivity of 85.71% and specificity of 100% vs sensitivity of 57.14% and specificity of 60% using the conventional weaning parameters. Thus an increase in PCO₂SB at 30 min T-tube is indicative of impending respiratory pump failure and that other causes of failure to wean must be investigated.     

老年肝外胆管梗阻85例治疗分析

目的：探讨老年性肝外胆管梗阻的治疗。方法：85例老年胆管梗阻中良性疾病引起的梗阻为59例，主要是由于胆管结石嵌顿MIRRIZI‘S综合征；恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻为26例，主要为壶腹部周围癌，肝门区肿瘤等。手术分别采取胆囊切除术、胆总管切开取石＋T管引流术、胰十二指肠切除术、腹部探查＋内外引流术以及ERCP下行置管内支撑术后引流和ENBD等。结果：良性疾病引起的梗阻中仅1例术后死于ARDS，恶性肿瘤 引起的梗阻者中有11例术后死于肝肾综合征、ARDS和DIC等。结论；手术仍是老年肝外胆管梗阻的首选方法。老年患者合并其它脏器病变，病情较重者如先行胆管引流，能有效降低病死率及延长生命。     

Loss-of-function mutations in caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 14 (CARD14) are associated with a severe variant of atopic dermatitis

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Grasp synthesis for upper-extremity FNS

Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) has been used in upper extremity neuroprostheses to provide grasp and release for quadriplegic individuals. The goal of this project was to determine the electrode/muscle input/output characteristics with the greatest influence on the grasp output. This was evaluated by simulating the grasp synthesis procedure, using a model of the electrode/muscle output as a function of stimulus level and joint angle. The parameters of this model were determined from experimental data from 112 electrodes. The grasp output for 500 different modelled pairs of electrodes were analysed, with each pair consisting of a thumb flexor and a thumb extensor. The simulation results indicate that the most influential electrode input/output characteristics are the output stiffness, defined as the change in force output for a unit change in joint angle at a constant level of stimulation, and the length dependency mean-squared error. Recruitment gain was found to be of secondary influence on the grasp output, and the threshold, force direction and non-linearity of the stimulus level to force relationship were found to have little influence on the grasp output. These results establish criteria for electrode selection and implantation for use in upper extremity FNS.     

Small cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct: case report and immunohistochemical analysis

A small cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct in a 75-year-old Japanese man is reported. The patient suffered from obstructive jaundice, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography-drainage (PTCD) revealed a massive lesion in the lower common bile duct. Because it was diagnosed as a malignant tumor, pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. A nodular infiltrating tumor measuring 4.5 x 3.0 x 2.0 cm was located in the intrapancreatic portion of the extrahepatic bile duct. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a dense proliferation of small atypical cells with a little region of high-grade dysplasia in the adjacent epithelium of the common bile duct. Tumor cells were immunoreactive to neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and Leu7. Although carcinoma cells invaded into pancreas and duodenum, there were no histological findings that indicated the carcinoma arose from the mucosa of either the pancreatic duct or duodenum. These results indicated that the tumor was a small cell carcinoma derived from the epithelium of the extrahepatic bile duct; a rare neoplasm with only a few cases reported. A few neuroendocrine cells were recognized in the adjacent epithelium of the extrahepatic bile duct, suggesting that the tumor cells might be derived from them. Using immunohistochemical examination, no p53 abnormality was found. Tumor cells showed positive nuclear staining for p16, while negative for cyclin D1, suggesting that functional retinoblastoma protein (pRB) might be lost in the p16/pRB pathway, as in small cell lung cancer.