头孢吡肟治疗围术期医院获得性肺炎

目的　观察头孢吡肟治疗骨科围术期医院获得性肺炎的疗效及安全性 ,并与头孢他啶进行比较。方法　骨科围术期医院获得性肺炎 70例随机分为两组 :头孢吡肟组 3 5例 ,静滴 1.0～ 2 .0g ,2次 /d ;头孢他啶组 3 5例 ,静滴 1.0～ 2 .0g ,2次 /d ;两组均治疗 1～ 2周。结果　头孢吡肟组及头孢他啶组临床有效率分别为 94.2 9%及 91.43 % (P >0 .0 5 ) ,细菌清除率分别为 94.12 %及 90 .91% (P >0 .0 5 ) ,不良反应发生率均为 2 .86% (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　头孢吡肟治疗骨科围术期医院获得性肺炎的疗效显著而又安全     

3年2436株临床分离革兰阴性杆菌对头孢吡肟耐药趋势观察

目的：调查我院1999－2001年间2436株革兰阴性杆菌分离株对第4代头孢菌素头孢吡肟的耐药状况，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：用K－B法检测头孢吡肟对8种2436株临床分离菌的抑菌环，按1999年NCCLS判断标准得出耐药结果，并与其他3种第3代头孢菌素比较。结果：头孢吡 肟对ESBL阴性大肠杆菌和克雷伯菌属，肠杆菌属，枸橼酸杆菌属，变形杆菌，不动杆菌属，铜绿假单胞菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等临床主要分离革兰阴性杆菌耐药性变化不大，1999－2001年耐药率分别为20．6％，20．4％和28％，与第3代头孢菌素比较，头孢吡肟，头孢他啶，头孢噻肟，头孢曲松总的细菌耐药率分别为24．6％，26．3％，38．5％和37．0％。结论：头孢吡肟对临床分离的大部分革兰阴性杆菌具有良好的体外抗菌活性，尤其对易产Bush-I型头孢菌素的肠杆菌属的菌株及枸橼酸杆菌属的抗菌活性远优于其他第3代头孢菌素。     

头孢吡肟等5种抗生素对革兰阴性杆菌抗菌活性比较

目的研究头孢吡肟等5种抗生素对革兰阴性杆菌抗菌活性。方法用纸片扩散法对临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌进行药敏检测，比较头孢吡肟与其他4种临床常用抗生素的抗菌活性。结果分离出245株革兰阴性杆菌。其中：以不动杆菌（48．2％）和铜绿假单胞菌（11．0％）为主的非发酵菌占65．3％。多数革兰阴性杆菌对头孢类菌素的敏感率为44％～68％；除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌外，其他革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率最高为93．9％。头孢吡肟对阴沟肠杆菌的抗菌活性优于头孢他啶和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦；而对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的抗菌活性明显较低，其他与头孢他啶相近；2004年较2003年，头孢吡肟除对肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌活性略升高外，对其他革兰阴性杆菌均有不同程度降低；而头孢他啶和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦抗菌活性保持稳定。结论第4代头孢菌素头孢吡肟可用于ICU危重病人抗感染治疗。     

RP-HPLC 测定注射用盐酸头孢吡肟中精氨酸的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定注射用盐酸头孢吡肟中精氨酸的含量。方法采用Shim-pack CLC-ODS-C18(6.0 mm×150 mm,5μm)柱,以乙腈-0.05 moL.L-1磷酸二氢氨(30∶70)为流动相,流速1.0 mL.m in-1,柱温为35℃,检测波长206 nm。结果精氨酸在0.04~0.6 mg/mL范围与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.52%(n=9)。结论该方法准确、简便、快速、重现性好,是测定注射用盐酸头孢吡肟中精氨酸含量的好的质量控制方法。     

利用LC-MS/MS法快速鉴定盐酸头孢吡肟中的同分异构体杂质

目的建立应用LC-MS/MS技术快速鉴定盐酸头孢吡肟原料药中的同分异构体杂质的方法。方法以乙腈-10 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵(5∶95)为流动相经C₁₈柱分离,通过电喷雾串联质谱在线检测，获得相关的色谱和质谱信息。结果在所建立的条件下，盐酸头孢吡肟及其同分异构体杂质获得有效分离，主成分和其同分异构体杂质的保留时间分别为15.28 min和9.18 min，同时它们的二级质谱产物离子信息及其裂解方式呈现明显的差异。结论本法能快速、准确地分离鉴定盐酸头孢吡肟原料药中的同分异构体杂质，从而可以对其原料药进行质量控制。     

Incidence of acute kidney injury among pediatric hematology/oncology patients receiving vancomycin in combination with piperacillin/tazobactam or cefepime

There is mounting evidence that combination of antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam (pip/tazo) is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). To determine whether vancomycin plus pip/tazo is associated with higher rates of AKI compared to vancomycin plus cefepime among pediatric hematology/oncology (heme/onc) patients, we examined 121 heme/onc patients receiving at least two consecutive days of therapy with vancomycin and either pip/tazo or cefepime. Rate of AKI was higher in the pip/tazo than the cefepime group (4/27 [14.8%] vs 2/94 [2.1%], P = 0.022).     

The safety of cefepime in the treatment of infection

Background: Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin usually reserved for treating severe nosocomial pneumonia, as well as empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia, uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Objective: Since reports of neurotoxic effects and of an all-cause mortality higher with cefepime than with comparators have created some concerns regarding its safety, this paper reviews data available in the PubMed database up to December 2007 on cefepime safety. Methods: Literature data from PubMed obtained by combining cefepime and safety, or cefepime and clinical trials, were examined. Results/conclusions: Caution in the use of cefepime should be adopted until new evidence on cefepime safety is available.     

Pharmacokinetics of Fusidic Acid and Cefepime in Heart Tissues: Implications for a Role in Surgical Prophylaxis

Abstract

The pharmacokinetic profiles of fusidic acid and cefepime in heart tissues were assessed in 30 patients undergoing elective valve replacement and cardiopulmonary by-pass. Single doses of 1 g of fusidic acid and 2 g of cefepime were administered intravenously to two groups of 15 and 15 patients respectively upon initiation of anes-thesia. Samples of serum, heart valves, myocardium, pericardium, mediastinal fat and sternum were collected within <1 hour, 1-2 h and 2-4 h after the end of drug infusion. Drug concentrations were estimated by a microbiological assay. It was found that con-centrations of fusidic acid in all specimens were 20-fold higher than the MIC_90s of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, being at such levels throughout all period of sampling. Cefepime concentrations in heart valves collected 1-2 h after drug infusion were higher than the MIC_90s of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. It is concluded that both fusidic acid and cefepime penetrated heart tissues adequately; however only fusidic acid could also accumulate in the mediastinum. These data suggest that both antibiotics may be a good alternative for prophylaxis in open heart surgery.     

头孢他啶与头孢吡肟治疗药物监测的高效液相色谱方法探索及其临床采样流程建立

目的： 建立同时测定头孢他啶和头孢吡肟血药浓度的高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）法及其临床采样流程,并应用于临床治疗药物监测。方法： 采用CAPCELL PAK C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0 μm）色谱柱进行色谱分离,流动相A为50 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液,流动相B为混合有机相（乙腈：甲醇：水=7：2：1）,A：B（V/V,93：7）,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,波长为254 nm,盐酸雷尼替丁为内标,以ACP-1去蛋白剂沉淀蛋白,旋涡离心后进样30 μL分析,同时考察全血中两药在不同抗凝管、不同温度下放置不同时间的稳定性。结果： 头孢他啶和头孢吡肟的血浆质量浓度线性范围分别是0.57~267.34 μg·mL^-1、0.54~208.49 μg·mL^-1,低、中、高质控样品的日内、日间精密度均小于15%,萃取回收率分别为90.9%~95.4%、88.6%~97.7%;全血稳定性试验中,以EDTA-K2管采血的头孢他啶与头孢吡肟血浆在6℃及24℃下均能稳定48 h,37℃下稳定10 h;而以肝素钠管采血的头孢他啶和头孢吡肟血浆在6℃及24℃下能稳定24 h,37℃下能稳定4 h。结论： 所建立的方法具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、操作简便等优点,并根据全血稳定性结果建立了一套临床采样流程,为头孢他啶和头孢吡肟的TDM标准化与规范化建设提供参考依据。