Cytochemical characteristics of neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of hatchling chicks

The goal of the present study was to identify cytochemical markers characteristic of muscle afferents in hatchling chicks. To this end, we stained neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus with a variety of markers that label subsets of neurons in avian dorsal root ganglia. We found that trigeminal mesencephalic neurons are surprisingly heterogeneous in their cytochemical make-up, expressing, to varying degrees, substance P, cholecystokinin, carbonic anhydrase, calbindin D-28k, parvalbumin, and S-100β. Calbindin D28k and S-100β appeared to be expressed equally in medial and lateral divisions of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. In contrast, substance P- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons were more abundant in the medial division, whereas carbonic anhydrase activity and parvalbumin immunoreactivity were stronger in the lateral division. We were unable to detect met-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, γ-aminobutyric acid, or tyrosine hydroxylase in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. Moreover, these neurons did not appear to bind the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. The heterogeneity of expression of markers among trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus neurons, especially between neurons in the medial and lateral divisions, suggests that these neurons are functionally diverse.     

Leakage of carbonic anhydrase III from normal and denervated rat skeletal muscle following contractile activity.

Skeletal muscle extracellular carbonic anhydrase III was investigated in anesthetized rats by a microdialysis technique. A small dialysis probe was inserted into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and perfused continuously. Perfusates were collected before and during muscle contraction, induced by electrical stimulation of the muscle or of the sciatic nerve. In the perfusate of resting normal and denervated muscle, the concentration of CA III was 10 to 12 ng/mL, as measured by a radioimmunosorbent technique. During contractile activity, the concentrations of CA III increased markedly in the normal and denervated muscle. A TA muscle suspended in physiological saline behaved similarly, even though the leakage before and during contraction was higher than in vivo. The results show that skeletal muscle leaks CA III both in vivo and in vitro, a leakage which was markedly increased by contractile activity. The microdialysis technique should also be useful in humans to study the efflux of various proteins from different kinds of diseased or fatigued muscles.     

派立明与贝特舒联合应用对降眼压的临床观察

目的评价1.00%派立明(AZOPT)与0.25%贝特舒点眼液每日两次点眼对原发性开角型青光眼、高眼压症及抗青光眼术后高眼压的降眼压效果及安全性。方法31例患者51只眼纳入为期2个月的前瞻性研究。在停用其他抗青光眼药物足够长的时间后测量基础值,用药后每2周复查一次共4次,同时观察眼局部及全身副作用。结果用药前眼压为23.85±1.80 mmHg,4次随访眼压下降均值6.55 mmHg(6.06～7.04),眼压下降率27.50%(26.62～28.59%)。少数病例出现烧灼感、视物模糊、口苦等症状,均为轻度能耐受,对视力、眼底无影响。结论派立明与贝特舒联合用药具有稳定的降眼压效果,具良好耐受性。     

Localization of glial cell antigens in the brains of young normal mice and the dysmyelinating mutant mice, jimpy and shiverer

Tissue sections from the brains of normal, jimpy, and shiverer mice were immunostained by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method for carbonic anhydrase (CA) and the putative astrocytic "markers" glutamine synthetase (GS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The cells in normal gray matter that immunostained with anti-CA and anti-GS were similar to one another in size and process elaboration. In the normal gray matter there were relatively few GFAP-positive astrocytes. When present, these cells resembled the CA- and GS-positive cells; however, the GFAP appeared to be concentrated in the astroglial processes, as distinguished from the cell bodies. Glial cell processes, immunostained for CA or GS, surrounded blood vessels and unstained neurons in the normal gray matter. The glial cells in shiverer gray matter were similar to those in the normal gray matter. When stained for GS or GFAP, the glial cells in the jimpy gray matter appeared to be somewhat hypertrophied, and when the glial cells in this mutant were stained for CA, the nuclei appeared to be swollen. It was concluded that some of the CA-positive cells in the gray matter of the normal and of each mutant mouse brain could be astrocytes. The patterns of immunostaining in the white matter emphasized the different complements of glial cells in the mutants. In the normal and shiverer mouse corpus callosum, CA, in particular, was detected only in the oligodendrocytes, their processes, and myelin. However, the data concerning the jimpy mouse suggested that the few CA-positive cells in the corpus callosum of that mutant could be astrocytes.     

The effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on bicarbonate reabsorption

Summary Renal reabsorption of bicarbonate was studied in Merino ewes during carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Bicarbonate reabsorption was directly proportional to plasma bicarbonate concentration. No tubular maximum for bicarbonate was demonstrated. Elevation of arterialPCO₂ or depression of arterial pH caused slight increases in bicarbonate reabsorption. The data suggest that bicarbonate is reabsorbed by 2 distinct processes. The quantitatively more significant process may involve ionic reabsorption of bicarbonate secondary to Na⁺ reabsorption and a relatively minor part of bicarbonate reabsorption may be secondary to H⁺ secretion.     

Whole-blood pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of the topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dorzolamide

Following a single-dose, open-label, pilot pharmacokinetic study in six subjects, the systemic pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of dorzolamide after topical ocular administration were investigated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study in 12 healthy volunteers. The subjects received a controlled diet on the 5 days before treatment initiation and throughout the study. For 14 days, a bilateral q.i.d. regimen of 3% dorzolamide, consisting of approximately 7.7 g per day (21.3 mol) dorzolamide hydrochloride, or placebo was given. Blood and urine electrolytes and acid-base profiles were measured 1 day prior to treatment and on days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment, and 24-h urine samples were collected daily.Topically applied dorzolamide was slowly taken up in erythrocytes and eliminated with a half life of approximately 120 days. Compared to the pre-study values, no significant treatment effect was observed in either the daily profiles or the 14-day cumulative sodium, potassium and citrate excretions. Two other volunteers given acetazolamide (125 mg q.i.d.) and assessed with the identical set of observations demonstrated marked metabolic changes.In spite of the prolonged and marked inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells by dorzolamide, clinically significant metabolic and renal effects were not observed. The ocular tolerability profile was acceptable to all subjects.     

兔眼外伤性前部PVR睫状体Na+,K+-ATP酶和碳酸酐酶活性改变

目的　研究外伤性前部PVR睫状体Na ,K ATP酶和碳酸酐酶活性变化 ,进一步探讨外伤性前部PVR导致慢性低眼压的机制。方法　制作外伤性前部PVR导致慢性低眼压兔眼模型 ,伤后分别于 2、4、8、16周测量眼压后取眼球 ,部分睫状体做普通病理切片 ,HE染色观察 ,部分睫状体做Na ,K ATP酶活性测定和碳酸酐酶组织化学观察。结果　伤后实验组Na ,K ATP酶活性下降 ,而对照组变化不很明显 ,2组间比较有显著性差异 ;实验眼睫状体上皮碳酸酐酶组织化学显色部分区域为浓棕黑色 ,表明这部分上皮碳酸酐酶活性接近正常水平 ,而上皮破坏区域 ,酶组织化学显色比较弱 ,接近于阴性对照睫状体上皮的颜色 ,为淡黄褐色 ,表明这部分上皮碳酸酐酶活性较低。结论　外伤性前部PVR睫状体Na ,K ATP酶和碳酸酐酶活性降低 ,是导致房水分泌减少及慢性低眼压的一个重要原因。     

子宫内膜异位症与抗碳酸酐酶抗体的关系

目的 :探讨抗碳酸酐酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ抗体与子宫内膜异位症的关系。方法 :应用酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)法分别检测内异症 32例、其他妇科疾病 (妇科组 ) 2 0例及正常妇女 12例血清抗碳酸酐酶抗体水平。结果 :(1)内异症患者血清抗碳酸酐酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ抗体阳性率(87.5 %、5 3.1% )高于妇科组 (2 5 %、15 % ) ,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;(2 )内异症患者血清抗碳酸酐酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ抗体阳性率明显高于正常妇女组 (0 %、0 % ) ,两组差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1) ;(3)妇科组及正常妇女组血清抗碳酸酐酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ抗体阳性率较低 ,两组差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :检测抗碳酸酐酶抗体对诊断子宫内膜异位症及探讨其发病机制有重要价值     

玻璃体切割术后高眼压的药物治疗观察

目的比较不同抗青光眼滴眼剂在睫状体平坦部玻璃体切割术后对高眼压的控制效果。方法将年龄在18—65岁、术前基线眼压为（16．62±3．40）mmHg、术后基线眼压为（30．76±7．47）mmHg的175例玻璃体切割术（pars plana vitrectomy,PPV）后发生高眼压的患者分为4组,分别使用3种抗青光眼药物滴眼。第1组56例（56眼）,单一应用β阻滞剂;第2组36例（36眼）,单一应用α激动剂;第3组48例（48眼）,协同应用β阻滞剂与碳酸酐酶抑制剂;第4组35例（35眼）,协同应用α激动剂与碳酸酐酶抑制剂。分别观察用药3d后和9d后的降眼压效果。结果用药3d后,4组观察对象的眼压下降幅度为：第1组（9．87±5．16）mmHg,第2组（7．87±6．00）mmHg,第3组（13．03±8,43）mmHg,第4组（9．48±6．42）mmHg;在用药9d后为：第1组（13．16±5．09）mmHg,第2组（10．61±6．16）mmHg,第3组（16．60±8．93）mmHg,第4组（13．63±7．96）mmHg。对用药后3d和用药后9d的眼压测量数据进行统计学分析后．确定4个用药组眼压下降幅度差异都具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。在降低术后高眼压的应用中,单独使用β阻滞剂或α激动剂在疗效上无明显差异（P〉0．05）;与碳酸酐酶抑制剂合用时,β阻滞刺的降眼压效果优于α激动剂（P〈0．05）。β阻滞剂与碳酸酐酶抑制剂的联合降眼压作用不仅优于单独使用β阻滞剂（P〈0．05）,更明显优于单独使用α激动剂（P〈0．01）。结论在降低术后高眼压的药物治疗中,联合应用抗青光眼药物比单独应用疗效更显著。