Effect of hepatitis C antibody screening in blood donors on post-transfusion hepatitis in Taiwan

A national screening programme for antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood donors in Taiwan began in July 1992 using a second-generation immunoassay. To study the impact of this screening on post-transfusion hepatitis in Taiwan, a prospective study on post-transfusion hepatitis, that was started in 1987, was continued. As of June 1994, 245 patients who received a blood transfusion after July 1992 had completed a follow-up period for more than 6 months post-transfusion. Of them, seven (2.8%) recipients developed acute post-transfusion hepatitis. The hepatitis in six cases could not be attributed to infection by hepatitis A, B, C, D, E viruses or cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The remaining patient seroconverted to both IgG and IgM anti-CMV. All seven patients recovered in 6 months without development of chronicity, and the mean peak alanine aminotransferase level was lower compared with that of the cases before anti-HCV screening (i.e. pre-July 1992). These results indicate that the current anti-HCV screening has effectively interrupted HCV transmission through blood transfusion in Taiwan.     

丙型肝炎六例报告及随访观察

本文首次报告新疆6例丙型肝炎。对20例病毒性肝炎病人血清进行抗HCV检测,结果6例阳性。结合临床及化验检查,可诊断为丙型肝炎。对此6例进行分析,结果表明:本病多发生在输血后,临床表现不重,肝功能检查主要是ALT反复波动不降,易致慢性。     

Outcome of acute symptomatic non-A,non-B hepatitis: a 13-year follow-up study of hepatitis C virus markers

ABSTRACT— Thirty-nine of 61 prospectively followed patients who had had acute non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1978 were clinically reexamined in 1991 and tested for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) with a second generation ELISA and RIBA and for HCV RNA by PCR. Acute hepatitis C was diagnosed in stored sera from 1978 in 24 patients, who were found still to be anti-HCV positive in 1991, and 16 of them were also HCV RNA positive. The majority of anti-HCV positive patients with or without HCV RNA had elevated serum ALT levels 13 years after onset of their acute hepatitis C. After 13 years follow-up, 1.6% of the patients had died of end-stage liver disease, 8% of anti-HCV positive patients had histologically confirmed liver cirrhosis, 79% of anti-HCV positive patients were judged to have chronic infection, whereas 21% seemed to have recovered. To conclude, we found that a majority of our patients with acute symptomatic hepatitis C continued to be viraemic 13 years after onset of hepatitis C, and that all continued to be anti-HCV positive by second-generation ELISA.     

Spread of hepatitis C virus infection within families

In 1995, the intrafamilial spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was evaluated among 1379 household contacts of 585 HCV antibody-positive HCV RNA-positive subjects (index cases) in Italy. All index cases were patients with histologically proven chronic liver disease. The presence of antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) was assessed by third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to test for HCV RNA. The overall anti-HCV prevalence among household contacts of index cases was 7.3% (101/1379); it was 15.6% in spouses and 3.2% in other relatives ( P <0.05; odds ratio (OR), 6.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.5–8.6). Spouses married to index cases for longer than 20 years had a significantly higher anti-HCV prevalence than those married 20 years or less (19.8% vs 8.0%; P <0.05; OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.5–5.3). Parenteral risk factors were more likely to be reported in anti-HCV positive than in anti-HCV negative household contacts. After adjustment for confounders by multiple logistic regression analysis, age greater than 45 years (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6–5.3) and any parenteral exposure (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.7–8.1), were the only independent predictors of the likelihood of anti-HCV positivity among household contacts. Spouses versus other relatives and length of marriage were both no longer associated. These findings suggest that sexual transmission does not seem to play a role in the intrafamilial spread of HCV infection.     

直接抗病毒药物类抗丙型肝炎病毒药物的黑框警告及预防

丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus,HCV）是引起丙型肝炎的病原体,感染后极易慢性化并导致肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝癌。随着直接抗病毒药物（direct-acting antiviral agents,DAA）类抗HCV药物不断发展,临床上用其治疗后持续病毒学应答率逐渐提高,药品不良反应明显减少。但近年来,DAA类抗HCV药物在国外临床应用中出现了一些严重不良反应事件,因此美国食品药品管理局在这些药物的使用说明书中加入了黑框警告。国内今年已开始陆续上市了多个DAA类抗HCV药物,但尚未大规模应用。本文阐述了此类药物的黑框警告内容（包括引起严重皮肤反应、导致心动过缓、严重肝损伤和乙型肝炎病毒再激活）及其发生机制,并提出预防及解决措施,为我国临床合理用药提供参考。     

Discovery of Imidazo[1,2-α][1,8]naphthyridine Derivatives as Potential HCV Entry Inhibitor

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Hepatitis C virus infection in anti-HIV positive and negative French homosexual men with chronic hepatitis: comparison of second- and third-generation anti-HCV testing

ABSTRACT— To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in homosexuals with chronic hepatitis, we tested for anti-HCV antibodies 113 (47 anti-HIV positive) French non-drug-addicted homosexual men admitted for chronic viral hepatitis. Anti-HCV were detected with second- and third-generation ELISAs (ELISA2 and ELISA3) and RIBAs (RIBA2 and RIBA3). Chronic hepatitis was related to non-A, non-B infection in four, to hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in five and to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in 104 patients. Anti-HCV positivity was found in 50.4% and 12.4% of the 113 patients, with ELISA2 and ELISA3, respectively. Positivity with RIBA2 and RIBA3 was found in only six of the 57 ELISA2 positive patients (all six were ELISA3 positive). The high prevalence of positivity with ELISA2 not confirmed by RIBA2 or RIBA3 suggests false-positive results. ELISA2 positive results were more frequent with frozen serum samples than with fresh serum samples (62% vs 23.5%, p = 0.0003). However, even with fresh serum, ELISA2-positive RIBA-negative results remained frequent in anti-HIV positive patients. ELISA3 seems to give more specific results. We conclude that the prevalence of HCV infection, as assessed with RIBA, was 5.3% among French homosexual men with chronic hepatitis (3.8% after exclusion of transfused patients). This low prevalence suggests that homosexual transmission of HCV is relatively uncommon.     

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in asymptomatic anti-HIV1 negative pregnant women and their children

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was studied prospectively in pregnant women in France and their children by detection of anti-HCV with second-generation ELISA (ELISA2). In ELISA2-positive women, anti-HCV was detected with second- and third-generation RIBA (RIBA2 and RIBA3) and serum HCV RNA was detected with PCR. Among 670 women, anti-HIV1-negative, 26 (3.9%) were positive with ELISA2. RIBA2 was positive in 13 and HCV RNA was found in 10. Ten ELISA2-positive women had a further evaluation with assessment of HCV infection in their children. Among the 10 children born to the index pregnancy, only one was positive with ELISA2 and RIBA2 but negative with RIBA3 and PCR; the nine other children were ELISA2, RIBA2, RIBA3, and PCR negative. All 26 siblings (2–16 years old), of whom 14 were born to PCR-positive mothers, were ELISA2 and RIBA2 negative. We conclude that among anti-HIV1-negative pregnant women with normal serum ALT levels, the prevalence of HCV infection is relatively high but the risk for mother-to-infant transmission of HCV seems to be low.     

化学发光免疫分析检测丙肝病毒抗体在血液筛查中的应用评价

目的:评价化学发光免疫分析(CLIA)测定丙肝病毒(HCV)抗体的方法学性能在血液筛查中的应用。方法:以辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)为酶标记物,以鲁米诺为发光底物,采用双抗原夹心法检测血样中的抗-HCV。建立抗-HCV化学发光酶免疫分析方法,与常规使用的抗-HCV酶联免疫分析方法(ELISA)同时检测20例发光值(RLU)大于14 000的抗-HCV血清阳性标本,再用荧光定量RT-PCR检测;每天用卫生部临床检验中心指定生产的HCV的质控血清对CLIA进行检测,建立自己实验室的该项目临界值浓度,连续6个月对HCV质控血清检测,计算S/CO值,统计分析精密度、CV;用EQA的质控物检测HCV抗体,进行标本符合率计算。结果:CLIA方法的灵敏度为0.02ng/mL,阳性符合率为100%,ELISA的阳性符合率为75.2%,荧光定量RT-PCR检测的阳性符合率为100%。结论:HCV抗体CLIA检测抗-HCV试验方法的敏感性、准确性、稳定性较好,能满足临床输血早期筛查,以排除假阳性,杜绝漏检的风险。