全球针对家族史高危人群的结直肠癌筛查指南推荐意见的系统综述

目的 对全球现有结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查指南的更新进展及推荐意见进行系统总结和评价。方法 以“结直肠癌”“筛查”“指南”“共识”“推荐”“家族史”以及“colorectal cancer”“screening”“guideline”“recommendation”“family history”为关键词,并补充其自由词,系统检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science,并且同时检索官网刊登的结直肠癌筛查指南/共识作为补充,语种限定为中文和英文。截至2022年5月24日,共20篇有效文献。对纳入文献的基本信息、针对家族史人群的推荐意见等进行摘录整理及汇总描述。结果 在20篇文献中,大多数国家/地区/机构根据结直肠癌家族史人群的亲属关系等级,对筛查起止年龄、筛查方式及筛查周期提出建议。多数指南针对有1例60岁前患结直肠癌一级亲属的人群,推荐筛查起始年龄为40岁或比患病亲属诊断年龄提前10年,推荐的筛查方式多为结肠镜。结论 目前全球多数结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查指南主要针对一级亲属家族史、以结肠镜作为主要筛查方式。本文将为我国针对结直肠癌家族史高危人群筛查策略的更新提供参考依据,进而完善结直肠癌筛查与早诊早治实践。     

Antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: A comparative study between in vivo and in vitro samples

The present study reports a comparison of the antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most consumed species as fresh cultivated mushrooms and their mycelia produced in vitro: Agaricus bisporus (white and brown), Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster), Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake). The antioxidant activity was evaluated through reducing power (Folin–Ciocalteu and Ferricyanide/Prussian blue assays), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and lipid peroxidation inhibition (β-carotene/linoleate and TBARS assays). The analysis of phenolic compounds was performed by HPLC/PAD. The mushroom species with the highest antioxidant potential was Agaricus bispous (brown). However, concerning to the species obtained in vitro, it was L. edodes that demonstrate the highest reducing power. Generally, in vivo samples revealed higher antioxidant properties than their mycelia obtained by in vitro techniques. About the phenolic compounds researched, they were detected both in mushrooms and mycelia without any particular abundance. Results showed that there is no correlation between the studied commercial mushrooms and the corresponding mycelia obtained in vitro. Nevertheless, this study contributes to the rise of data relatively to the species consumed as fresh mushrooms and the possibility of their in vitro production as a source of bioactive compounds.     

全球新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对我国的输入风险评估

目的 评估全球新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情对我国的输入风险。方法 基于收集的疫情数据（各国家每日累计确诊病例数、境外输入病例累计确诊病例数）、人口学数据（各国人口密度、人口数）、旅客潜在来源群体信息（华侨华人常住人口数、在外中国留学生数、海外务工人员数、来华留学生数、航班旅客数估计）和全球健康安全指数（GHS）等信息,进行近期（2月1日－4月25日）和未来（4月26日－）风险分析及预测,构建输入风险得分。结果 各国境外输入病例数、累计确诊数、罹患率、华侨华人数、境外留学生数、来华留学生数、航班乘客数和GHS变量间有较强的正相关性。近期风险分析中,俄罗斯输入病例明显较高,英国、美国、法国、西班牙次之。在未来风险预测中,通过各国罹患率指数和平均每日入境乘客数估计值两项信息,评估美国、新加坡等44个国家为未来潜在高风险国家。结论 通过COVID-19疫情各国家输入风险评估,可以识别近期及未来的高风险区域,为加强疫情防控,为最终战胜疫情提高帮助。     

Re-emergence of human T-lymphotropic viruses in West Africa

Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are Deltaretroviruses that infect millions of individuals worldwide via the same transmission routes as HIV. With the aim of exposing the possible re-emergence of HTLV in West Africa since discovery, a systematic review was carried out, focusing on the distribution of the virus types and significance of frequent indeterminate reports, while highlighting the need for mandatory routine blood screening. Capturing relevant data from discovery till date, sources searched were Google Scholar, CrossRef, NCBI (PubMed), MEDLINE, Research Gate, Mendeley, abstracts of Conferences and Proceedings, organization websites and reference lists of selected papers. A total of 2626 references were initially retrieved using search terms: Worldwide prevalence of HTLV, HTLV in Africa, HTLV in West Africa, HTLV subtypes, HTLV 3 and 4 in Africa, HTLV of African origin, HTLV seroindeterminate results, Spread of HTLV. These references were rigorously trimmed down to 76. Although evidence shows that HTLV is still endemic in the region, West Africa lacks recent epidemiological prevalence data. Thorough investigations are needed to ascertain the true cause of indeterminate Western Blot results. It is imperative that routine screening for HTLVs be mandated in West African health care facilities.     

The histology of ovarian cancer: worldwide distribution and implications for international survival comparisons (CONCORD-2)

Objective

Ovarian cancers comprise several histologically distinct tumour groups with widely different prognosis. We aimed to describe the worldwide distribution of ovarian cancer histology and to understand what role this may play in international variation in survival.

Adverse reactions following injection with a permanent facial filler polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid): causes and treatment

Background Polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid), an atoxic non-immunogenic gel of the non-resorbable type, has gained widespread popularity as an injectable filler for facial augmentation. However, adverse events (AEs) have occurred, the nature of which seems obscure because of negative findings on culture and a pattern of foreign-body response on microscopy.Design This is a prospective study of case reports provided by physicians injecting Aquamid during the period 21 May 2001 to 15 September 2003.Materials Among 40,000 persons injected, 55 were reported to have experienced AEs. Information from questionnaires distributed along with the product and follow-up information from involved physicians was collected into a database.Results AEs occurring mainly in lips and nasolabial folds were reported in 55 patients, with 51 requiring treatment. The time from the last gel injection to the debut of the AE varied from 2 to 364 days, with a median of 12 days. Seventeen patients presented with different types of reaction to the injection, and the exact cause of the AE was established in another 19. A complete follow-up until full recovery was available in only 43 cases (84%). A broad-spectrum antibiotic in high dosage was effective for a short time. Steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) tended to aggravate symptoms and to prolong treatment time.Conclusions AEs presenting clinically as nodules or swellings later than 1 week and less than 1 year after the injection of polyacrylamide hydrogel (Aquamid) should be treated immediately with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (quinolone) in high dosage. Steroids or NSAIDs are contraindicated.The authors have no relevant financial interest in this study     

A theoretical framework for the interpretation of pharmacist workforce studies throughout the world: The labor supply curve

Despite geographic, financial, and cultural diversity, publications dealing with the pharmacist workforce throughout the world share common concerns and focus on similar topics. Their findings are presented in the literature in a seemingly unrelated way even though they are connected to one another as parts of a comprehensive theoretical structure. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model that relates some of the most salient topics addressed in the international literature on pharmacist workforce. The model is developed along two fundamental ideas. The first identifies the shape and location of the pharmacist's labor supply curve as the driving force behind all workforce decisions undertaken by pharmacists; the second argues that gender and age differences are two of the most important factors determining the shape and location of this supply curve. The paper then discusses movements along the curve attributed to changes in the wage rate, as well as displacements of the curve attributed to disparities in personal characteristics, investments in human capital, job-related preferences, opinions and perceptions, and institutional rigidities. The focus is on the individual pharmacist, not on groups of pharmacists or the profession as a whole. Works in multiple countries that address each topic are identified. Understanding these considerations is critical as employers' failure to accommodate pharmacists' preferences for work and leisure are associated with negative consequences not only for them but also for the healthcare system as a whole. Possible consequences include excessive job turnover, absenteeism, decreased institutional commitment, and lower quality of work.