病毒唑雾化吸入治疗上呼吸道感染临床疗效观察

选择89年2月至90年2月175例上呼吸道感染患儿,分为病毒唑雾化吸入组(61例).病毒唑全身给药组(53例)和对照组(61例).平均退热时间分别为30.01±.11,31.89±9.28,40.57±16.94小时.病毒唑组与对照组有非常显著性差异(p<0.01)但两病毒唑治疗组之间无显著性差异,并发现发病时间在一天内接受治疗者,退热时间明显短于超过一天之病例,且发病两天后治疗者与对照组已无显著差异(p<0.05).病毒唑全身用药组和对照组共有4例发展为支气管炎和肺炎,而雾化吸入组无,说明该治疗方法可以阻止病毒感染蔓延至下呼吸道.     

湖北恩施地区流感局部暴发流行病原学分析

目的对恩施地区2003年3月上、中旬发生的两起流感局部暴发流行进行病原学分析。方法采集患者咽拭子进行病毒分离鉴定，采集急性期和恢复期双份血进行抗流感病毒IgG抗体测定。结果证实湖北恩施地区出现的流感局部暴发流行是由B型流感病毒引起的，分离的B型流感病毒的抗原性与2001年香港分离株(B／香港／维多利亚30／2001)和浙江分离株(B／浙江／2／2001)很接近，而与1999年四川分离株(B／四川／397／1999)和2001年上海分离株(B／上海／20／2001)相差甚远。结论湖北省恩施地区2003年3月流感局部暴发流行是由流感病毒B型引起的。     

Transport and removal of viruses in saturated sand columns under oxic and anoxic conditions – Potential implications for groundwater protection

To protect groundwater as a drinking water resource from microbiological contamination, protection zones are installed. While travelling through these zones, concentrations of potential pathogens should decline to levels that pose no risks to human health. Removal of viruses during subsurface passage is influenced by physicochemical conditions, such as oxygen concentration, which also affects virus survival. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of redox conditions on the removal of viruses during sand filtration. Experiments in glass columns filled with medium-grained sand were conducted to investigate virus removal in the presence and absence of dissolved oxygen. Bacteriophages MS2 and PhiX174, as surrogates for human enteric viruses were spiked in pulsed or in continuous mode and pumped through the columns at a filter velocity of about 1 m/d. Virus breakthrough curves were analyzed by calculating total viral elimination and fitted using one-dimensional transport models (CXTFIT and HYDRUS-1D). While short-term experiments with pulsed virus application showed only small differences with regard to virus removal under oxic and anoxic conditions, a long-term experiment with continuous dosing revealed a clearly lower elimination of viruses under anoxic conditions. These findings suggest that less inactivation and less adsorption of viruses in anoxic environments affect their removal. Therefore, in risk assessment studies aimed to secure drinking water resources from viral contamination and optimization of protection zones, the oxic and anoxic conditions in the subsurface should also be considered.     

Reverse spillover of avian viral vaccine strains from domesticated poultry to wild birds

Transmission of viruses from the commercial poultry to wild birds is an emerging paradigm of livestock–wildlife interface. Here, we report the identification and isolation of vaccine strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV1) and avian coronaviruses (ACoV) from different wild bird species across eight Egyptian governorates between January 2014 and December 2015. Surveillance of avian respiratory viruses in free-ranging wild birds (n = 297) identified three species that harboured or excreted APMV1 and ACoVs. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of recovered viruses revealed a close association with the most widely utilized vaccine strains in the country. These results highlight the potential spillover of vaccine-viruses probably due to extensive use of live-attenuated vaccines in the commercial poultry, and close interaction between domesticated and wild bird populations. Further exploring the full spectrum of vaccine-derived viral vaccine strains in wild birds might help to assess the emergence of future wild-birds origin viruses.     

基因强化骨组织工程中的病毒载体

背景:不同的基因输送策略也被应用到骨组织工程中以修复破坏的骨组织,作为最有效率的基因转运载体,病毒载体在骨组织工程中的应用方兴未艾。目的:系统回顾和讨论目前基因强化骨组织工程中常用的病毒载体相关应用。方法:利用PubM ed数据库对2002年1月至2015年1月的相关文献进行了检索,检索的文章主要聚焦在病毒载体基因转导方法和其在骨组织工程中的应用。对腺病毒、反转录病毒、腺相关病毒和嵌合病毒在骨组织工程的相关应用及不足进行了讨论。总共24篇相关文献被纳入此篇综述。结果与结论:总结了近年来病毒载体联合基因治疗促进骨组织再生的研究工作。讨论了包括装载目的基因的病毒载体联合种子细胞例如间充质干细胞植入支架材料修复骨缺损。研究表明,基因强化的骨组织工程比传统组织工程具有更多的优点;病毒载体介导的基因转染效率比普通载体更高;病毒载体介导的基因强化骨组织工程用于人体的安全性仍需要漫长的临床观察研究。病毒载体系统仍然是最有效的将外源基因转入种子细胞的手段之一。     

γδT细胞在病毒免疫中的作用

γδT细胞被视为天然免疫和获得性免疫之间的桥梁,与NK细胞、巨噬细胞及树突状细胞等免疫细胞共同构成机体抵抗病原微生物的第一道防线.γδT细胞可以通过释放如穿孔素、颗粒酶等细胞毒性分子,表达Fas-FasL诱导细胞凋亡以及分泌IFN-γ等方式发挥细胞免疫效应,也可以释放IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-7、IL-22等细胞因子调节体液免疫.γδT细胞在抗感染、抗肿瘤及免疫耐受等病理生理中发挥着重要作用.本文就γδT细胞及其主要功能在抗病毒免疫中所扮演的作用作一综述.     

Induction of protective immunity against H1N1 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 with spray-dried and electron-beam sterilised vaccines in non-human primates

Currently, the need for cooled storage and the impossibility of terminal sterilisation are major drawbacks in vaccine manufacturing and distribution. To overcome current restrictions a preclinical safety and efficacy study was conducted to evaluate new influenza A vaccine formulations regarding thermal resistance, resistance against irradiation-mediated damage and storage stability. We evaluated the efficacy of novel antigen stabilizing and protecting solutions (SPS) to protect influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 split virus antigen under experimental conditions in vitro and in vivo.     

The virus-induced HSPs regulate the apoptosis of operatus APCs that results in autoimmunity,not in homeostasis

The viruses are salient in the roles of environmental factors that trigger autoimmunity. The virus realizes its effects by the power of its induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) as well as by the viral IE-axis-mediated conversion of organ epithelial cells into virgin de novo professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The HSP is the accomplished operator in homeostasis by the logic of it being the regulator of apoptosis. That HSP which regulates and controls different points in the pathways of apoptosis is rationally propitious as both HSP and apoptosis are highly conserved in multicellular organisms. By virtue of its regulation of apoptosis, the HSP is also involved in human autoimmunity and this involvement is tripartite: (i) adornment of viral IE-axis-generated virgin de novo professional APCs with HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules which transform these otherwise epithelial cells to achieve the status of fledged competent antigen-presenters, the operatus APCs, which are liable to apoptosis that becomes the initiator of organ damages that can culminate in the autoimmune syndrome(s); apoptosis is a routine fate that befalls all APCs following their antigen presentation; (ii) molecular mimicry mechanism: epitopes on the HSP may be mistaken for viral peptides and be presented by operatus APCs to autoreactive TCRs resulting in the apoptosis of the operatus APCs; and (iii) regulation of MHC class II-DR-mediated apoptosis of operatus APCs which can ultimately consequent in organ-specific autoimmune syndromes. We should remember, however, that Nature's intended purpose for the apoptosis of the professional APCs is benevolence: as a principal regulator of homeostasis. It is only from the apoptosis of our postulated operatus APCs that the apoptotic consequence can be deleterious, an autoimmune syndrome(s). The transformation of virgin de novo professional APCs to operatus APCs mirrors the maturation of DCs, through their acquisition of HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules; and what happens to mature DCs as antigen-presenters that ends in homeostasis is replicated by what happens to operatus APCs that ends instead in autoimmune syndromes (Fig. 1).     

乙型重型肝炎抗病毒治疗研究进展

通过抗病毒治疗降低乙型重型肝炎患者机体HBV载量,缓解过强的免疫反应,从而缓解病情,成为治疗乙型重型肝炎的一种可行性思路。但目前对此仍存在争议。文中就目前乙型重型肝炎是否行抗病毒治疗,抗病毒治疗的时机、特点以及药物的选择等方面进行了综述。