利多卡因对小血管直径的影响

目的：利多卡因局部应用以解除血管痉挛。但对于其周围血管活性作用究竟是使血管扩张还是收缩，尚存在明显分歧。方法：采用展开的大白鼠睾提肌膜型，在显微镜下活体观察用肾上腺素致痉的小血管对２％、５％、１０％、２０％和２５％浓度的利多卡因局部滴注的反应，以及未致痉的小血管对２％利多卡因的反应。结果：不同浓度的利多卡因对痉挛的小动脉均有短暂的扩张作用，但１分钟后，动脉直径又开始回缩；１０分钟时，２％和５％利多卡因进一步加重了痉挛，其它浓度的利多卡因也未能解除痉挛。静脉对不同浓度的利多卡因均无明显反应。未致痉的小动脉对２％利多卡因亦呈强烈收缩反应。结论：不宜用利多卡因局部滴注以求解除血管痉挛。     

An overview of new pharmacological treatments for cerebrovascular dysfunction after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Cerebral vasospasm and the resulting cerebral ischemia occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are still responsible for the considerable morbidity and mortality in patients affected by cerebral aneurysms. Mechanisms contributing to the development of vasospasm, abnormal reactivity of cerebral arteries and cerebral ischemia after SAH have been intensively investigated in recent years. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of vasospasm is related to a number of pathological processes, including endothelial damage, smooth muscle cell contraction resulting from spasmogenic substances generated during lyses of subarachnoid blood clots, changes in vascular responsiveness and inflammatory or immunological reactions of the vascular wall.A great deal of experimental and clinical research has been conducted in an effort to find ways to prevent these complications. However, to date, the main therapeutic interventions remain elusive and are limited to the manipulation of systemic blood pressure, alteration of blood volume or viscosity, and control of arterial dioxide tension.Even though no single pharmacological agent or treatment protocol has been identified which could prevent or reverse these deadly complications, a number of promising drugs have been investigated. Among these is the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), the main regulator of erythropoiesis. It has recently been found that EPO produces a neuroprotective action during experimental SAH when its recombinant form (rHuEPO) is systemically administered.This topic review collects the relevant literature on the main investigative therapies for cerebrovascular dysfunction after aneurysmal SAH. In addition, it points out rHuEPO, which may hold promise in future clinical trials to prevent the occurrence of vasospasm and cerebral ischemia after SAH.     

Ischemic toe after surgery for lesser toe deformities: An algorithm

Ischemia after correction of lesser toe deformities is usually due to temporary vasospasm and can rarely cause gangrene. The published literature on dealing with the issue and been reviewed and used to suggest an algorithm for a logical step by step approach to a pale or white toe when encountered in the postoperative period.     

Combined endovascular therapy of ruptured aneurysms and cerebral vasospasm

We describe two patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm and severe symptomatic vasospasm. The aneurysm was occluded with detachable coils followed by intra-arterial infusion of papaverine to treat vasospasm as an one-stage procedure. There was significant resolution of the vasospasm. The long-term clinical outcome in one patient was excellent, the other still has minor deficits. Combined endovascular aneurysm therapy followed by intra-arterial spasmolysis with papaverine is a technically feasable therapeutic alternative in patients with symptomatic vasospasm. Received: 5 November 1999/Accepted: 12 July 2000     

变异性心绞痛患者血管内皮功能相关指标测定的临床意义

目的研究变异性心绞痛(VAP)患者血管内皮功能相关指标的变化。方法征集疑为冠状动脉性心脏病(CAD)或电生理研究提示心律失常而行诊断性心导管术的住院患者共93例,根据相关诊断标准将其分为3组,其中 VAP 患者39例,劳力性心绞痛(EAP)患者35例,对照组19例。根据临床症状的严重度,将 VAP组再分为轻度 VAP 组22例和重度 VAP 组17例。采集血样分别测定各组患者的白细胞(WBC)及分类计数、血浆纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、内皮素(ET-1)、血管性血友病因子(vWF)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)以及冠心病(CHD)其他危险因子,如总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等的变化。结果除 EAP 组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显低于对照组外(P<0.01)。其他CHD 危险因子、体温、WBC 总数、CRP 等在 VAP、EAP 及对照组间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。而重度 VAP组 EOS 明显高于其他三组(P<0.01)。重度 VAP 组血浆 Fbg、ET-1和 vWF 也明显高于其他3组(P<0.05)。VAP 患者经药物治疗后,EOS 计数、血浆 Fbg、ET-1和 vWF 明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论 EOS 计数和血浆 Fbg,ET-1和 vWF 水平可预示 VAP 病情严重度,提示冠状动脉痉挛可能引起 EOS 和 Fbg、ET-1和 vWF 水平升高。     

Ergotism and factitious hypotension associated with interaction of ergotamine with CYP3A4 inhibitors

Background. Although uncommon, severe ergotism continues to occur. The purpose of this study is to describe causes and clinical effects of ergotism in recent years. Methods. This is an observational case series with data obtained retrospectively from all patients with ergotism referred to Ramathibodi Poison Center in Bangkok, Thailand from January 2006 to August 2013. Result. Twelve cases of ergotism were identified. All cases involved ergotamine 1 mg/caffeine 100 mg combination tablets. Nine cases (75%) were precipitated by drug–drug interactions with CYP3A4 inhibitors. The other cases involved suicidal attempt (2 cases) and pediatric unsupervised ingestion (1 case). Ten patients (83%) had signs of peripheral vascular insufficiency. Five of these patients initially had factitiously low or unmeasurable blood pressure using non-invasive technique and had paradoxical increase following intravenous vasodilator administration. Two patients required partial foot amputations due to gangrene. Two patients, including a 15-month-old boy with an unsupervised ingestion, died. Discussion. In this series, most cases of severe ergotism were associated with interaction with CYP3A4 inhibitors, which increase ergotamine bioavailability. Factitious low blood pressure in these cases was likely caused by severe vasospasm. Conclusion. Critical ergotism continues to occur in Thailand, most commonly associated with the drug–drug interactions.     

Vasogenic Edema of the Basal Ganglia after Intra-Arterial Administration of Nimodipine for Treatment of Vasospasm

The intra-arterial administration of nimodipine (IAN) is commonly used for cerebral vasospasm refractory to medical treatments. We report two cases of vasogenic edema after IAN. Our patients with aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage presented with vasospasm, which was treated by IAN. Consequently, vasogenic edema developed in the basal ganglia. Reperfusion following IAN for vasospasm may have the potential for inciting vasogenic edema in the ischemic brain.     

Cerebral vasospasm and delayed ischaemic deficit following elective aneurysm clipping

Although common after subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and delayed ischaemic neurological deficit (DIND) rarely occur following elective clipping of unruptured aneurysms. The onset of this complication is variable and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We report two patients with CVS associated with DIND following unruptured aneurysmal clipping. The literature is reviewed and the potential mechanisms in the context of patient presentations are discussed. A woman aged 53 and a man aged 70 were treated with elective clipping of unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms, the older patient also having an anterior communicating artery aneurysm clipped. The operations were uncomplicated with no intra-operative bleeding, no retraction, no contusion, no middle cerebral artery (MCA) temporary clipping, and no intra-operative rupture. Routine post-operative CT scan and CT angiogram showed that in both patients the aneurysms were excluded from the circulation and there was no perioperative subarachnoid blood. Both patients had no neurological deficit post-operatively, but on day 2 developed DIND and vasospasm of the MCA. Both patients had angiographic improvement with intra-arterial verapamil treatment. In one patient, this was done promptly and the patient made a complete recovery, but in the other, the diagnosis was delayed for more than 24 hours and the patient had residual hemiparesis and dysphasia due to MCA territory infarction. CVS and DIND following treatment of unruptured aneurysms is a very rare event. However, clinicians should be vigilant as prompt diagnosis and management is required to minimise the risk of cerebral infarction and poor outcome.     

氧合血红蛋白在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血脑血管痉挛中的作用

目的 研究蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑脊液中氧合血红蛋白(HbO2)、还原氧合血红蛋白(HbDeoxy)和正铁血红蛋白(HbMet)的浓度随时间变化情况及与脑血管痉挛的关系,并观察SAH后脑动脉血流速度与氧合血红蛋白是否相关。 方法 选择发病后24 h内入院的SAH患者共27例。分别于患者发病的第1、3、5、7、10、14天行腰椎穿刺取脑脊液,离心后取上清液,用紫外分光光度仪测量HbO2、HbDeoxy及HbMet的浓度,所得数据经统计学处理后绘趋势图并进行相关分析,并用经颅多普勒(TCD)对大脑中动脉(MCA)血流速度进行监测。 结果 SAH患者HbO2的浓度在发病第3天开始上升,在第7天达到高峰,为1.4×10-2mmol／L,与第1、3、14天相比,P<0.05;HbDeoxy的浓度在第5天开始上升,在第7天达到高峰5.5×10-3mmol／L,与第1、3、5、14天相比,P<0.05:而HbMet的浓度随时间只是轻度上升,在第14天达到高峰7.5×10-3mmol／L,与其他天相比P>0.05。用TCD测得MCA的血流速度从第5天开始升高,到第7天达到高峰111.2 cm／s。对MCA的血流速度变化与HbO2的浓度变化行相关分析,r=0.906,两者呈正相关。 结论 本研究支持HbO2是引起SAH后慢性脑血管痉挛的主要启动因子之一这一假说,并暗示了HbDeoxy也可能是致挛因子。同时证明了SAH后脑动脉血流速度与HbO2有相关性及TCD在     

Perfil clínico y evolución de pacientes con hemorragia subaracnoidea durante 11 años

IntroductionSpontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage is a rare cause of stroke, but it causes great socioeconomic impact and high morbidity and mortality.The aim of this study is to describe the clinical profile and evolution of a series of patients with SAH admitted to a tertiary hospital, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic management.Material and methodsRetrospective study of 536 patients diagnosed with SAH admitted to the ICU of the Hospital Universitario de A Coruña between 2003 and 2013 (Age: 56.9 ± 14.1 years, female/male ratio: 1.5:1). Demographic characteristics, risk factors, aetiologies and clinical signs, prognostic scales, diagnostic tests and treatment were collected. A comparative analysis was made between the general series and subgroups of patients with aneurysmal (SAH-A) and idiopathic (SAH-I) subarachnoid haemorrhage.ResultsThere were 49.0 ± 15.1 patients/year (2013 incidence: 4.3/100,000 inhabitants). 60.3% presented Glasgow Coma Scale 14-15, with scarce symptomatology (Hunt-Hess I-II 61.9%, World Federation Neurosurgeons Scale I-II 60.4%). 50.7% presented Fisher IV.SAH-A was diagnosed in 78.3% (n = 396); perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH-PM) in 3.2%; and SAH-I in 17.9%. During the study period there was an increase in the prevalence of aneurysms, causing an increased number of surgeries in recent years. Both SAH-A and SAH-I presented greater severity upon admission. Patients with SAH-A had higher percentage of complications and mortality, with lesser degree of independence at 6 and 12 months.ConclusionsThe incidence of SAH appears to have decreased in recent years, with SAH-I comprising 17.9% of the cases. Patients with SAH-I have better prognosis and lower risk of complications, highlighting the benignity of SAH-PM.