模拟粪便标本的制作

目的:为弥补临床医学生和检验专业学生在实验诊断及临床检验实习中标本来源的困难。探讨模拟粪便标本的制备。方法:用面粉做基质,辅以琼脂、血液、蔬菜、肉末及菌种,使用生理盐水调治成糊状。结果:将该标本进行粪便化学及显微镜检查,可观察到一些阳性指标。结论:学生通过对模拟标本的检查,可看到一般阳性指标的形态,感受到与临床的紧密性,及早与临床接触,增强学习兴趣和工作责任心。     

Cefdinir-induced red stool and purple discoloration of nutritional formula: A case report

This case report describes a 4-year-old girl with food aversion who received three separate courses of cefdinir mixed with PediaSure®, an iron-fortified nutritional formula. The patient's stool turned red with variable onset during all three courses of treatment. Moreover, the PediaSure® formula turned purple after mixed with cefdinir, an interaction that has not been previously reported. We recommend that medication counseling for pediatric patients taking cefdinir include a mention of these possible discolorations.     

Evaluation of the rapid RIDAQUICK Campylobacter® test in a general hospital

The study objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the new rapid immunochromatographic test RIDAQUICK Campylobacter® (r-biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany) for the qualitative detection of Campylobacter antigens in pathologic feces from primary and specialist care patients. Three hundred feces samples were studied from patients with diarrhea, 50.6% from adults and 49.4% from children, which were received by our microbiology laboratory for coproculture. Campylobacter culture results, with or without PCR data, served as reference values for the comparative evaluation of RIDAQUICK Campylobacter® findings. Campylobacter was detected in 12.3% of samples. The diagnostic accuracy values of the RidaQuick Campylobacter® versus culture were: sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 97%, and positive and negative predictive values of 77% and 98%, respectively. RIDAQUICK Campylobacter® is a rapid test for the diagnosis of enteritis due to Campylobacter and could be an option for the clinical diagnosis of one of the main causes of bacterial enteritis in resource-limited settings.     

粪便标本抗原检测诊断儿童幽门螺杆菌感染

目的 进行非侵入性粪便标本幽门螺杆菌抗原检测诊断儿童幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染,并评价此试验方法的应用价值。方法：选择有上消化道症状的48例患儿为研究对象,采用H.pylori抗原检测试剂盒,以酶联免疫分析双抗体夹心法检测粪便H.pylori抗原,并与胃粘膜活检标本快速尿素酶试验、组织学、血清学试验作对比研究。结果：4种诊断试验诊断准确率分别为：粪便抗原试验95.8%,快速尿素酶试验95.9%,组织学97.9%,血清学83.7%。粪便抗原试验的特异度和敏感度分别为100%,93.6%。结论：粪便标本H.pylori 抗原试验诊断儿童幽门螺杆菌感染有较高的准确率、敏感性和特异性,为新的简便易行的非侵入性方法。     

Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: simplified 13C-urea breath test, stool antigen testing, or DNA PCR in human feces in a clinical laboratory setting?

OBJECTIVES: (1) To compare two stool antigen EIAs (HpSA, FemtoLab) and PCR of ureaseA and cagA in feces, with (13)C-urea breath test (UBT). (2) To ascertain whether a simplified UBT (breath collection time = 10 min) is as reliable as the standard assay (30 min). DESIGN AND METHODS: Helicobacter pylori status was recorded in Group 1 (n = 187) by UBT, H. pylori stool antigen, ureA and cagA PCR in feces. UBT with 10, 20 and 30 min sampling was performed in Group 2 patients (n = 283). RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of HpSA, FemtoLab, and ureA were 67% and 99%, 90% and 96%, 35% and 98%, respectively. cagA results were positive in 16/48 H. pylori-positive, and in 5/100 H. pylori-negative patients. The results of UBT with a 10- and 30-min sampling strictly overlapped. CONCLUSION: UBT with 10 min breath collection and FemtoLab stool antigen assay are the most reliable non-invasive tests to diagnose H. pylori infection.     

A novel and sensitive method to monitor helminth infections by faecal sampling

The Kato-Katz technique is the method routinely used for diagnosing human schistosomiasis mansoni by estimating faecal egg burdens. To improve the sensitivity of faecal diagnosis, we established and validated a novel separation technique based upon the greater density of viable schistosome eggs relative to faecal material. Subsequently, it was used for faecal examination of 27 schistosomiasis patients in El-Sharkia, Egypt, with Kato-Katz smears as criterion standard. Low intensity infections (<100 eggs/g) were only detected by our technique. Moreover, triple Kato-Katz analysis on consecutive samples still missed 7.4% of all human patients, whereas the new method diagnosed 100% of samples correctly on second analysis. We conclude that in endemic areas many patients are being systematically missed by routine diagnosis. Moreover, the sensitivity of our method allows its use in proposed pre-clinical and clinical vaccine trials in non-human primates and humans, where reliable estimates of faecal egg counts are essential.     

家畜粪便污染江滩在血吸虫病流行中的作用及对策研究

本文报道了江滩型地区各类传染源血吸虫感染及污染情况和对策实施结果。人和牛的克粪毛蚴数(有效EPG)分别为1.82为9.5。按EPD公式推算,宿主每天排出的有效虫卵数牛占99.6％,人仅占0.4％,滩地实际污染结果与推算基本相符。经2年防制后,牛感染率为6.67％(3/45),居民感染率仅0.96％(11/1144),分别下降了81.42％和77.9％,野粪阳性率与人畜感染源下降水平亦基本相符。提示,针对耕牛为主要传染源而采取的防制对策效果是显著的。     

Detection of antibiotic resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in stool of healthy growing children in Portugal

From stool specimens of 118 healthy children's (1–14 years) in Portugal 92 E. coli and 101 Enterococcu s spp. strains have been isolated. Almost half (40.2%) of the E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 25.0% were resistant to tetracycline and 26.1% were resistant to streptomycin. Resistance genes detected by specific PCR included bla_TEM and/or bla_SHV and/or bla_CTX‐M (33 of 37 ampicillin and/or cefotaxime resistant isolates), tet (A) and/or tet (B) (16 of 23 tetracycline‐resistant isolates), aad A (19 of 24 streptomycin‐resistant isolates), cml A (in the two chloramphenicol‐resistant isolates), aac (3)‐II with/without aac (3)‐IV (in the four gentamicin‐resistant isolates), sul 1 and/or sul 2 and/or sul 3 (in all trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistant isolates). The majority of the resistant E. coli isolates (69.1%) belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Of the enterococci isolates E. faecium (n = 53), E. faecalis (n = 41), E. hirae (n = 4) and E. durans (n = 3) more than one‐fourth (28.7%) of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline; 21.8% were resistant to erythromycin and 8.9% were resistant to kanamycin. Resistance genes detected by PCR in enterococci included aph (3)′‐IIIa (in all kanamycin‐resistant isolates), aac (6′) (in all gentamicin‐resistant isolates), tet (M) and/or tet (L) (26 of 29 tetracycline‐resistant isolates), erm (B) (17 of 22 erythromycin‐resistant isolates). This survey showed that faecal bacteria such as E. coli and enterococci of healthy growing children's could be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)