INFLUENCE OF DIET ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF RED CELL AND NEURAL MEMBRANES

Increasing dietary 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 causes similar relative changes in fatty acid profiles of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from rat neural and erythrocyte membranes.     

前列腺素E1对脂肪所致犬呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗作用

采用同种脂肪提取液复制犬呼吸窘迫综合征模型,观察前列腺素E_1(PGE_1)对其治疗作用。结果表明,PGE_1可改善该模型的低氧血症,降低肺毛细血管通透性,减轻肺水肿,其减轻肺损伤的机理与其抑制多形核白细胞粘附、氧自由基产生及保护Ⅱ-型肺泡上皮细胞等有关。     

Dissecting Obesogenic Environments: The Development and Application of a Framework for Identifying and Prioritizing Environmental Interventions for Obesity

Background. The “obesogenicity” of modern environments is fueling the obesity pandemic. We describe a framework, known as ANGELO (analysis grid for environments linked to obesity), which is a conceptual model for understanding the obesogenicity of environments and a practical tool for prioritizing environmental elements for research and intervention.Methods: Development of the ANGELO framework. The basic framework is a 2 × 4 grid which dissects the environment into environmental size (micro and macro) by type: physical (what is available), economic (what are the costs), political (what are the “rules”), and sociocultural (what are the attitudes and beliefs). Within this grid, the elements which influence food intake and physical activity are characterized as obe sogenic or “leptogenic” (promoting leanness).Results: Application of the ANGELO framework. The ANGELO framework has been piloted at the population level (island communities) to prioritize the settings/sectors for intervention and at the setting level (fast food outlets) to prioritize research needs and interventions. Environmental elements were prioritized by rating their validity (evidence of impact), relevance (to the local context), and potential changeability.Conclusions. The ANGELO framework appears to be a flexible and robust instrument for the needs analysis and problem identification stages of reducing the obe sogenicity of modern environments.     

Factors affecting aerosol performance during nebulization with jet and ultrasonic nebulizers

Nebulization of aqueous solutions is a convenient delivery system to deliver drugs to the lungs because it can produce droplets small enough to reach the alveolar region. However, the droplet size might be affected by the changes in the temperature and the concentration of the nebulizing solution in the reservoir during nebulization. In this study, the changes in the droplet size over the nebulization time using a PariBoy air-jet and a Multisonic ultrasonic nebulizer have been studied. The findings were related to changes in the temperature, concentration, surface tension, viscosity and saturated vapour pressure of the nebulizing solution. By using the jet nebulizer, an increase in the droplet size followed by a decrease has been observed. This observation could be attributed to the approx. 7 degrees C reduction of the temperature during the first 2 min in the jet nebulizer reservoir which increased the viscosity of the nebulizing solution. After this initial period of time, the increasing drug concentration induced a reduction of the surface tension and, consequently, a decrease in the droplet size. However, with the ultrasonic nebulizer a temperature increase of approx. 20 degrees C during the first 6 min in the nebulizing solution was observed leading to a decrease in droplet size, viscosity and surface tension and an increasing saturated vapour pressure. This again led to smaller average droplet sizes.     

Altered Fetal Skeletal Muscle Nutrient Metabolism Following an Adverse In Utero Environment and the Modulation of Later Life Insulin Sensitivity

The importance of the in utero environment as a contributor to later life metabolic disease has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. In this review, we consider how disruption of normal fetal growth may impact skeletal muscle metabolic development, ultimately leading to insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity, a key precursor to later life metabolic disease. In cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associated with hypoxia, where the fetus fails to reach its full growth potential, low birth weight (LBW) is often the outcome, and early in postnatal life, LBW individuals display modifications in the insulin-signaling pathway, a critical precursor to insulin resistance. In this review, we will present literature detailing the classical development of insulin resistance in IUGR, but also discuss how this impaired development, when challenged with a postnatal Western diet, may potentially contribute to the development of later life insulin resistance. Considering the important role of the skeletal muscle in insulin resistance pathogenesis, understanding the in utero programmed origins of skeletal muscle deficiencies in insulin sensitivity and how they may interact with an adverse postnatal environment, is an important step in highlighting potential therapeutic options for LBW offspring born of pregnancies characterized by placental insufficiency.     

Dietary fatty acids intake and mortality in patients with heart failure

ObjectiveDietary strategies in heart failure (HF) are focused on sodium and fluid restriction to minimize the risk for acute volume overload episodes. However, the importance of dietary factors beyond sodium intake in the prognosis of the disease is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of macro- and micronutrients intake on 1-y mortality in patients with HF.MethodsA secondary analysis of 203 patients with chronic HF enrolled in a randomized trial of sodium reduction was completed. Patients with a complete 3-d food record at baseline were included in this analysis (N = 118); both control and intervention arms were combined. Three-d mean dietary intake was estimated. Cox multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between dietary factors and 1-y mortality.ResultsAmong the 118 included patients, 54% were men, median (25th–75th percentiles) age 66 y (52–75 y), median ejection fraction 45% (30%–60%), and ischemic etiology present in 49% of patients. The association with 1-y mortality was significant for both polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]. 0.51–0.86 for intake as percentage of daily energy) and saturated fatty acids (SFA; adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.30 for intake as percentage of daily energy). Median of intake as percentage of daily energy was 5.3% for PUFAs and 8.2% for SFAs.ConclusionsIntake of PUFAs and SFAs was independently associated with 1-y all-cause mortality in patients with chronic HF. Limiting dietary SFA and increasing PUFA intake may be advisable in this population.     

High saturated fat and low starch and fibre are associated with hyperinsulinaemia in a non-diabetic population: The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study

Summary A geographically based sample of 1069 Hispanic and non-Hispanic white persons aged 20–74 years, living in southern Colorado and who tested normal on an oral glucose tolerance test (World Health Organization criteria) were evaluated to determine associations of dietary factors with fasting serum insulin concentrations. Subjects were seen for up to three visits from 1984 to 1992. A 24-h diet recall and fasting insulin concentrations were collected at all visits. In longitudinal data analysis, lower age, female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, higher body mass index, higher waist circumference, and no vigorous activity were significantly related to higher fasting insulin concentrations. High total and saturated fat intake were associated with higher fasting insulin concentrations after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, waist circumference, total energy intake and physical activity. Dietary fibre and starch intake were inversely associated with fasting insulin concentrations. No associations with fasting insulin concentrations were observed for monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, sucrose, glucose and fructose intake. Associations were similar in men and women and for active and inactive subjects, though associations of fibre and starch intake with insulin concentrations were strongest in lean subjects. These findings support animal studies and a limited number of human population studies which have suggested that increased saturated and total fat intake and decreased fibre and starch intake increase fasting insulin concentrations and may also increase insulin resistance. These findings, which relate habitual macronutrient consumption to hyperinsulinaemia in a large population, may have implications for studies attempting primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 430–438] Received: 6 August 1996 and in revised form: 17 December 1996     

老年糖尿病脂餐后脂代谢变化规律的进一步研究

目的探讨老年糖尿病脂餐后脂代谢变化规律。方法测定30例老年糖尿病患者空腹与脂肪餐后2、4、6、8h的总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、载脂蛋白A1（ApoA1）及载脂蛋白B（ApoB），并与10例健康老人及10例老年单纯高脂血症患者作对照。结果①老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h5个时点的HDL-C及ApoA，明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），其他脂代谢指标各时点组间差异均无显著性。②老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h等5个时点的TC明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、8h4个时点的TG明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组餐后4、6、8h3个时点的LDL-C明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h5个时点的HDL-C与高脂血症组比较，差异均无显著性；老年糖尿病组餐后2、4、6h3个时点的ApoA，明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组空腹及餐后2、4、6、8h5个时点的ApoB明显低于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）。⑧老年糖尿病组HDL-C．曲线下面积（AUC）及ApoA1-AUC明显小于对照组（P〈0．05）；老年糖尿病组LDL-C-AUC及ApoA1-AUC明显小于高脂血症组（P〈0．05）。结论HDL-C及ApoA1下降是老年糖尿病患者空腹及餐后脂代谢紊乱的主要特征。3组人群空腹血脂指标高低决定餐后血脂的变化，与是否患有糖尿病无关。