Differences in distribution and drug sensitivity of pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections between general wards and RICU

Background

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are common among patients in hospitals worldwide, especially in patients over the age of 60. This study investigates the differences in distribution and drug sensitivity of pathogens in LRTIs.

Methods

The clinical and laboratory data of 4,762 LRTI patients in the general ward and respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) of Xiangya Hospital (Changsha) were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The infection rate of Gram-negative bacteria was significantly higher than that of Gram-positive bacteria in both the general ward and RICU (P<0.05). The incidence of Gram-negative bacteria infection was significantly higher in the RICU than in the general ward (P<0.05), whereas the incidence of Gram-positive bacteria infection is less in the RICU than in the general ward (P<0.05). In the general ward, the incidence of Gram-negative bacteria infection significantly increased (P<0.05) over time, whereas the incidence of Gram-positive bacteria infection significantly decreased from 1996 to 2011 (P<0.05). In the RICU, the incidence of Gram-positive bacteria infection decreased, while Gram-negative bacteria infections increased without statistical significance (P>0.05). Staphylococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be the predominant Gram-positive strains in the general ward (34.70-41.18%) and RICU (41.66-54.87%), respectively (P>0.05). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were the predominant gram negative strains in the general ward (19.17-21.09%) and RICU (29.60-33.88%), respectively (P>0.05). Streptococcus pneumoniae is sensitive to most antibiotics with a sensitivity of more than 70%. Staphylococcus aureus is highly sensitive to vancomycin (100%), linezolid (100%), chloramphenicol (74.36-82.19%), doxycycline (69.57-77.33%), and sulfamethoprim (67.83-72.46%); however, its sensitivity to other antibiotics is low and decreased each year. Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to most β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and quinolone group antibiotics decreased each year.

Conclusions

The distribution and drug sensitivity of LRTI pathogens exhibit a high divergence between the general ward and RICU. Streptococcus pneumoniae may not be the predominant pathogen in LRTIs in some areas of China.     

RICU细菌分布及耐药率的概况

目的明确RICU不同时间段下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及常用抗菌药物耐药率的变迁。方法对RICU所分离170株致病菌的菌群分布及常用抗菌药物对常见致病菌耐药率的变迁情况进行分析。结果 170株病原菌中,G-菌137株,在菌群变迁中G-菌分离率总体上呈下降趋势,G+菌则相反,不同菌种在不同时间段分布差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论RICU中下呼吸道感染常见的致病菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,其抗生素治疗中分别首选亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦;万古霉素和利奈唑烷。     

心理干预在呼吸重症病房老年女性患者中的应用

目的 分析探讨心理干预对呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）中老年女性患者睡眠和情绪的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法将西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科2011年3月～ 2013年2月收治的80例老年女性患者分为两组,对照组予以RICU常规护理,实验组予以RICU常规护理的基础上,加以心理干预措施,对于两组患者入院1周后的睡眠质量、汉密尔顿抑郁和焦虑评分、抑郁和焦虑程度进行比较,探讨心理干预措施对于RICU中老年女性患者睡眠和情绪的影响.结果 实验组1周后的睡眠质量显著优于对照组,P＜0.05;实验组1周后的汉密尔顿抑郁和焦虑评分显著低于对照组,P＜0.05;实验组1周后的焦虑和抑郁程度显著轻于对照组,P＜0.05.结论 对呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）中老年女性患者在常规护理基础上实施心理干预,可以有效改善其睡眠质量和焦虑、抑郁症状,值得临床进一步应用.     

RICU下呼吸道致病菌及其耐药性监测分析

目的　调查RICU 下呼吸道致病菌及其耐药性。方法　对1994～1996 年RICU 患者下呼吸道分离出的353株致病菌及其药敏试验结果加以整理分析。结果　G- 菌占69.7% ,主要病原菌依次为嗜麦芽黄单胞菌(21.5% )、铜绿假单胞菌(17.8% )、金黄色葡萄球菌(16.4% )。金黄色葡萄球菌的发生率逐年上升(10% 、19.4% 、21.8% ),ORSA 检出率高达87.8% 。嗜麦芽黄单胞菌呈高度多重耐药性,对第三代头孢菌素及氨基糖甙类抗生素的耐药率分别超过50% 和80% ,对环丙沙星和伊米配能的耐药率分别达65.7% 及81.5% ,对氨曲南无一敏感。3 年间主要病原菌对常用抗生素的耐药性基本呈上升趋势。结论　及时掌握病原菌及耐药性的最新动态,指导临床医生正确选用抗生素     

呼吸重症监护病房呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 为了解我院呼吸重症监护室(RICU)细菌感染分布及耐药情况,方法 对210例入住RICU的下呼吸道感染患者行痰及支气管灌洗液细菌培养及药物敏感性实验.结果 RICU中患者呼吸道感染的主要致病菌为G-细菌(占73.3%),G-细菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌及洋葱伯克霍尔德菌为主,分别为22.9%,8.6%,6.6%和5.7%;G+细菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占10.5%,真菌占8.6%,以白假丝酵母为主.药敏结果 显示:鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对β内酰胺类和碳氢霉烯类抗生素耐药率高.结论 非发酵菌是RICU呼吸道感染的主要致病菌,呼吸道细菌的耐药情况越来越复杂,已成为临床治疗的一个难题.除定期、系统地进行细菌的耐药性检测外,还应规范抗生素的使用,合理使用抗生素以减少耐药菌的产生.     

Precedents for meaningful recovery during treatment in a medical intensive care unit. Outcome in patients with hematologic malignancy

The medical records of 77 patients with hematologic malignancy who were admitted to a medical intensive care unit over a 21-month period were reviewed. The overall hospital mortality rate was 80 percent. Sixteen patients (21 percent) were discharged from the intensive care unit but eventually died in the hospital. The cause of death was the result of a new problem in only three of these 16 patients. Hypotension (shock) and acute respiratory failure were the reasons prompting admission to the intensive care unit in 75 percent, but death in the intensive care unit was almost always the result of intractable hypotension rather than refractory hypoxemia. Only four of 52 patients who required mechanical ventilation left the hospital. In all four, the duration of ventilatory support was less than five days and the cause of respiratory failure was noninfectious in nature. Factors such as congestive heart failure, leukopenia, and abnormalities in mental status modified the hospital course, but did not alter outcome once prolonged mechanical ventilation became necessary. The data suggest that once acute respiratory failure develops in patients with lymphoma or leukemia, presumably as a result of infection, and mechanical ventilation for more than a relatively brief period is required, the prognosis is uniformly grim. Decisions to limit aggressive therapies is subsets of intensive care patients such as these should be aided by data that show a lack of precedent for meaningful recovery.     

经皮扩张气管切开术在RICU中的临床应用

目的：探讨经皮扩张气管切开术（PDT）在RICU中的临床应用价值。方法：将我院RICU中2005年8月~2009年7月66例有气管切开证应证的危重患者随机分成PDT组和传统开放性气管切开术组（OT组）,每组各33例,PDT组行经皮扩张气管切开术,OT组采用传统的开放性气管切开术。术后对两组患者的观察指标进行比较,观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、切口大小、切口溢痰情况、切口感染情况、气管切口的愈合时间和安全性等差异指标。结果：PDT组在手术时间、术中出血量、切口大小、切口溢痰情况、切口感染情况、气管切口的愈合时间和安全性等方面明显优于OT组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：经皮扩张气管切开术具有微创、安全、快捷等特点,值得临床推广应用。     

呼吸重症监护病房医院感染因素及防控措施

目的探讨呼吸重症监护病房（RICU）医院感染特点及防控措施。方法采取回顾性调查方法,对141例RICU出院患者中的医院感染病例进行分析。结果141例RICU住院患者中发生医院感染34例,感染率为24.11%,例次感染为44例,例次感染率为31.20%。老年患者是医院感染的高危人群,常见感染部位为呼吸道和泌尿道,感染原因与患者机体抵抗力降低、侵入性操作增加、医护人员无菌概念不强、医院感染意识不强、不合理使用抗菌药物等因素有关。结论RICU患者医院感染发生率较高,是普通住院患者医院感染的5.9倍,（普通患者的医...     

入住呼吸内科监护室的重症肺炎患者发生急性心肌梗死的危险因素分析

目的：对入住呼吸重症监护室（RICU）的重症肺炎患者发生急性心肌梗死（AMI）的危险因素进行分析。方法：回顾性分析我院2015年1月1日至2017年12月31日期间于我院RICU住院的重症肺炎患者，根据其是否在住院期间发生AMI分为2组，对2组患者的相关临床资料进行收集，采用统计软件进行分析。结果：共纳入患者104名，其中男性患者56名，女性患者48名，平均年龄73.26± 7.23岁，诊断为AMI患者为34名（32.7%），其中男性患者15名，女性患者19名，平均年龄74.12± 6.22岁， 单因素分析发现入院时降钙素原（PCT）水平高、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平高、血乳酸水平高、BNP水平高、APACHE II评分高、血白蛋白低、血肌酐高、血糖高以及使用呼吸机治疗是发生AMI的危险因素，多因素Logistic回归分析发现高水平的PCT、血肌酐以及BNP是发生AMI的独立危险因素。结论：重症肺炎患者发生AMI的比例很高，入院时高水平的PCT、血肌酐以及BNP是发生AMI的独立危险因素。     

呼吸重症监护病房肺部感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性

目的了解呼吸重症监护病房(RICU)最常见的肺部感染痰菌的分布及耐药性. 方法对207例RICU肺部感染患者280次阳性痰培养结果及药物敏感试验进行分析. 结果 G 菌77株,占27.5%;其中金黄色葡萄球菌62株占22.1%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)53株占18.9%;G-菌162株,占57.9%,占前4位者分别为铜绿假单胞菌56株(20%),嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌25株(8.9%),肺炎克雷伯菌17株(6.1%),鲍氏不动杆菌14株(5%);真菌41株,占14.6%;其中以白色念珠菌为主,占10.7%;药物敏感试验显示铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素多重耐药率较高,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对环丙沙星耐药率较低,肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍氏不动杆菌仍然对碳青酶烯类敏感. 结论该组RICU肺部感染以G-杆菌为主;其中铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍氏不动杆菌构成主要G-感染菌株;MRSA和真菌感染的比例较高.