Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations in HIV: What,How, and Why

Understanding why persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have accelerated atherosclerosis and its sequelae, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction, is necessary to provide appropriate care to a large and aging population with HIV. In this review, we delineate the diverse pathophysiologies underlying HIV-associated CAD and discuss how these are implicated in the clinical manifestations of CAD among persons with HIV. Several factors contribute to HIV-associated CAD, with chronic inflammation and immune activation likely representing the primary drivers. Increased monocyte activation, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia present in chronic HIV infection also mirror the pathophysiology of plaque rupture. Furthermore, mechanisms central to plaque erosion, such as activation of toll-like receptor 2 and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, are also abundant in HIV. In addition to inflammation and immune activation in general, persons with HIV have a higher prevalence than uninfected persons of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and tobacco use. Antiretroviral therapies, although clearly necessary for HIV treatment and survival, have had varied effects on CAD, but newer generation regimens have reduced cardiovascular toxicities. From a clinical standpoint, this mix of risk factors is implicated in earlier CAD among persons with HIV than uninfected persons; whether the distribution and underlying plaque content of CAD for persons with HIV differs considerably from uninfected persons has not been definitively studied. Furthermore, the role of cardiovascular risk estimators in HIV remains unclear, as does the role of traditional and emerging therapies; no trials of CAD therapies powered to detect clinical events have been completed among persons with HIV.     

浅谈医疗设备预防性保养的重要性

对于医疗设备来说,其临床医疗中有十分重要的作用,而且医疗设备的实际运行效率也与医院的经济效益有直接的关系,但是在大部分医院中仍然采用传统的医疗设备养护方式,导致医疗设备的维护缺乏科学性,从而增加了医疗设备故障的发生率,并且也影响了实际应用的效果,严重的情况下甚至会发生医疗事故。基于此,该文主要对医疗设备预防性保养的重要性与方法进行分析,希望能够使医疗设备的性能得到最优化的体现,使其能够更好地为医疗服务的开展提供支持。     

大型尿基复合肥养分偏差的原因分析及措施

介绍大型尿基复合肥装置在生产中引起产品养分偏差的原因及采取的操作措施。     

风疹易感人群婚前风疹疫苗接种预防先天性风疹综合征

目的探讨婚前风疹易感人群风疹疫苗接种在提高孕妇对风疹的免疫力,预防先天性风疹综合征中的作用.方法对10 913例婚前风疹病毒抗体IgG阴性者给予国产风疹减毒活疫苗注射.3个月随防671例,比较风疹疫苗接种前后该地区孕妇近期风疹感染的发病率.结果818例风疹病毒抗体IgG阴性者接种后抗体转阳率为99.8%.风疹疫苗接种前后3年孕妇近期风疹感染率分别为0.37%及0.08%,有明显下降,有非常显著差异(P＜0.001).结论应用国产风疹减毒活疫苗对婚前易感人群作预防接种可提高育龄妇女对风疹的免疫力,降低孕期风疹感染的发生率,是预防先天性风疹综合征及风疹致畸的有效、安全措施.     

自体动静脉内瘘血栓形成的影响因素

目的：了解动静脉内瘘血栓形成的原因，提出防治措施。方法：81例维持性血液透析患有15例内瘘发生血栓形成。分析病因、性别、年龄、血压、血脂对血栓形成的影响。结果：在内瘘使用的早期(三年内)易发生血栓，内瘘血栓发生率为18．52％。老年、男性、糖尿病、血压低、血脂高的患内瘘易发生血栓．结论：定时监测血管通路，适量使用促红索，缓慢提高血红蛋白，恰当地应用抗凝治疗；减慢透析超滤速度，防止透后低血压；采取阶梯式穿刺法，透析后采取点状压迫，防止力量过大，压迫时问过长和对患及家属进行保护内瘘的宣教均是预防内瘘发生血栓的重要措施。     

高校辅导员职业倦怠感的产生原因及对策

本文从社会根源、组织根源及个人因素三个方面入手,对工作负荷、角色冲突与角色模糊、公平感、职业特征、人格因素等影响高校辅导员工作倦怠的主要因素进行了初步诠释,并针对三个根源因素提出相应的应对策略.     

磁共振增强扫描中欧乃影不良反应的临床观察及预防措施

目的探讨欧乃影在临床应用中不良反应的发生和预防措施。方法观察2003年10月至2006年7月所作1000例增强扫描者静脉注射欧乃影0.2mL/kg(其量浓度(c)为0.5mol/L)后,不良反应发生的情况。结果1000例患者中,出现不良反应6例,其中,非过敏反应3例,轻度过敏反应3例,无中度及重度过敏反应。结论欧乃影在磁共振增强扫描中不良反应发生率低,临床应用安全。     

A群脑膜炎多糖菌苗接种前后流脑流行规律的改变及今后预防对策

本文研究了在使用菌苗预防前后的流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行强度的变迁，年龄、地区及季节分布特点，人群的易感性及带菌率之间的关系，并讨论了今后的预防措施。     

浅谈医疗商业贿赂的成因及预防对策

医疗商业贿赂已引起全社会的高度关注，成为2006年六大重点领域里治理的商业贿赂之一。作者通过分析医疗商业贿赂的危害和原因，提出：①加强思想教育；②坚持依法行政；③完善相关制度；④深化体制改革；⑤完善监督制度等预防对策。