The dysregulated glomerular cell growth in Denys–Drash syndrome

While diffuse mesangial sclerosis is traditionally described as being the glomerulopathy of Denys–Drash syndrome (DDS), the podocyte proliferative lesions may be overlooked in these DDS cases. In the present study, an evolving process is extrapolated from a selected case of DDS that demonstrated glomerulopathy with conspicuous podocyte proliferation. The observation that podocytes express proliferation markers (Ki67, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen and topoisomerase II) in non-proliferative, mature-looking glomeruli suggests an initial pathogenic act to activate or to keep podocytes from quiescence. The subsequent proliferation of podocytes is in keeping with downregulation of WT1 and cyclin kinase inhibitors of p16 and p21. The emergence of cytokeratin-positive cells in glomeruli that show typical mesangial sclerosis implies elimination of podocytes and replacement with tubular and/or parietal epithelial cells. The final scene of evolving glomerulopathy displays apoptosis and expression of Fas-L and Bax in sclerotic mesangial lesions, which eventually end up with global sclerosis. This novel concept of DDS glomerulopathy implies complex molecular mechanisms involved in glomerular injury.     

加味济生肾气汤对STZ诱导的糖尿病肾病大鼠足细胞及其自噬的影响＊

目的 探究加味济生肾气汤对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏足细胞和自噬作用的影响，为糖尿病肾病的中药治疗奠定一定基础。方法 将66只SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分成对照组，模型组，羟苯磺酸钙组，加味济生肾气汤低、中、高剂量组。造模后，各组分别以生理盐水，羟苯磺酸钙，1 mL/kg/d、4 mL/kg/d、10 mL/kg/d药物浓度的加味济生肾气汤处理。6周后，取大鼠肾脏，电镜观察肾脏足细胞形态；免疫组化检测Nephrin的表达；Western blot检测LC3II/I和P62的表达。结果 模型组大鼠肾小球基底膜可见显著增厚，足细胞排列较紊乱，数目减少，足突融合，在加味济生肾气汤中剂量组和高剂量组中上述症状得以缓解；与对照组比较，模型组大鼠肾组织中的Nephrin水平均明显降低，LC3II/I比值显著下降，P62水平显著升高。与模型组比较，加味济生肾气汤高剂量组大鼠肾组织中的Nephrin水平均明显升高，LC3II/I比值均显著升高，P62水平显著降低（P < 0.05）。结论 加味济生肾气汤通过提高自噬水平，减少足突发生融合，提高肾脏的过滤功能。     

Actualité sur les mécanismes physiopathologiques des syndromes néphrotiques idiopathiques : lésions glomérulaires minimes et hyalinose segmentaire et focale

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome represents up to 30% of adult glomerulopathies. However, its prognosis according to remission, relapse and renal failure remains unchanged since the 80s and prediction remains difficult. Physiopathology of adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is complex and multifactorial, including immunologic and environmental factors and a putative permeability-circulating factor, still unknown. In this point of view, we propose to summarize actual knowledge about idiopathic minimal change disease and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis physiopathology.     

归肾经方含药血清对阿霉素诱导的足细胞损伤及自噬相关蛋白的影响

目的：研究归肾经方对阿霉素（adriamycin,ADR）诱导的肾小球足细胞损伤标志蛋白nephrin及自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、p-mTOR等表达的影响。 方法：以ADR体外诱导的方法制作足细胞损伤的细胞模型。除空白组外均以ADR诱导足细胞,分为5组：空白组（control group,10%空白血清）、模型组（model group,10%空白血清+ADR 0.5 μg·mL^-1）、中药高剂量组（H-TCM group,10%高剂量归肾经方含药血清+ADR 0.5 μg·mL^-1）、中药低剂量组（L-TCM group,10%低剂量归肾经方含药血清+ADR 0.5 μg·mL^-1）、替米沙坦组（TMST group,10%替米沙坦含药血清+ADR 0.5 μg·mL^-1）。CCK-8检测各组细胞活性改变,Western blot法检测各组足细胞标志蛋白nephrin、desmin及自噬相关蛋白beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ等表达。 结果：①与空白组比较,模型组细胞活力显著降低（P<0.01）,与模型组比较,中药高剂量组及替米沙坦组细胞活性显著增高（P<0.05）;②Western blot检测结果显示,与control组比较,model组nephrin显著降低（P<0.01）,desmin、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、Beclin-1、p-Akt、p-mTOR显著增高（P<0.01）;与Model组比较,H-TCM组及TMST组nehprin表达显著增高（P<0.05）,desmin表达显著降低（P<0.05）,H-TCM、L-TCM及TMST组Beclin-1、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、p-Akt、p-mTOR表达显著降低（P<0.01）;与H-TCM组比较,L-TCM组LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达显著增高（P<0.05）。结论：归肾经方可以修复ADR诱导的足细胞损伤,改善细胞内的自噬水平,与上调细胞内nephrin、Beclin-1、p-Akt、p-mTOR的表达有关。     

Tetrahydroxy Stilbene Glucoside Alleviates High Glucose-Induced MPC5 Podocytes Injury Through Suppression of NLRP3 Inflammasome

Background

Tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside (TSG) is an active ingredient of Heshouwu and is an antioxidant. The underlying mechanisms of the renoprotective effect of TSG in diabetic nephropathy have not been previously reported. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of TSG in preventing podocytes injury in high glucose (HG) condition.

叉头状转录因子O1对糖尿病大鼠足细胞影响的实验研究

目的 探讨叉头状转录因子O1（Fox01）对糖尿病大鼠足细胞的影响.方法 链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导构建糖尿病大鼠模型90只,并采用简单随机抽样法分为糖尿病（DM）＋空慢病毒载体（LV-pSC-GFP）感染组（LV-NC组,n=30）,DM＋大鼠结构性活性FoxO1慢病毒载体（LV-CA-FoxO1）感染组（LV-CA组,n=30）,DM组（n=30）,另设对照组（NG组,n=30）注射相应体积的柠檬酸钠-柠檬酸缓冲液.于慢病毒感染后的2、4、8周末,测大鼠尿白蛋白、体重、血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮,光镜和透射电镜观察肾小球及其足细胞结构变化,实时定量聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Western blotting法检测大鼠肾皮质中FoxO1、足盂蛋白（PCX）、nephrin mRNA和蛋白的表达.多组间比较采用单因素方差分析.结果 与LV-NC、DM组相比,LV-CA组大鼠肾脏中FoxO1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平明显升高（F8W值分别为10 919.75、3 867.34,均P＜0.05）,尿白蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮明显降低（2周除外）（F8W值分别为132.72、187.68、503.69,均P＜0.05）,肾脏中PCX、nephrin mRNA和蛋白水平明显升高（mRNA F8w值分别为778.94、478.10;蛋白F8W值分别为393.64、255.79,均P＜0.05）,肾脏病理学变化也明显改善,可见肾小球体积减小,系膜细胞及基底膜增生程度降低,足突融合也有一定程度改善.结论 通过靶向注射慢病毒载体来上调FoxO1的表达可改善DM大鼠足细胞的损伤.     

补体通过激活足细胞ERK信号通路上调PD-L1表达

目的:探讨补体损害足细胞的可能机制。方法:将足细胞分为对照组、补体刺激组、补体+ERK抑制剂组,免疫蛋白印迹法检测足细胞PD-L1、细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)表达,并用细胞迁移实验检测足细胞功能。结果:补体刺激组足细胞ERK/p-ERK表达上调(P<0.05),PD-L1表达上调(P<0.05),加入ERK抑制剂后足细胞PD-L1表达下调,伴迁移减少。结论:补体通过激活ERK/p-ERK信号通路上调PD-L1表达,导致足细胞损害。     

糖肾平通过TGF-β1-Smad2/3-ILK信号通路干预高糖＋LPS诱导足细胞上皮间质转分化的分子机制研究

也页目的：探讨糖肾平对高糖环境下脂多糖（ lipopolysaccharide,LPS）刺激足细胞上皮间质转分化的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法：以体外培养大鼠肾小球足细胞为研究对象,以高糖（25 mmol/L）、LPS（1μg/mL）刺激足细胞建立模型,分为正常组、高糖组、高糖＋LPS组、厄贝沙坦组、抑制剂组、糖肾平小、中、大剂量组。采用Western blotting及RT-PCR方法检测足细胞中转化生长因子-β1（ transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1）、Smad2/3、整合素连接激酶（ integrin-linked kinase, ILK）、CD2相关蛋白（CD2AP）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-Smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）的表达水平。结果：与正常组比较,高糖组和高糖＋LPS组足细胞TGF-β1、ILK、α-SMA蛋白及其mRNA表达明显增加（P〈0.01）,P-Smad2/3蛋白及Smad2/3 mRNA表达明显增加（P〈0.01）,CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA表达明显减少（P〈0.01）;与高糖＋LPS组比较,厄贝沙坦组足细胞P-Smad2/3、α-SMA蛋白表达明显减少（P〈0.01）,TGF-β1蛋白表达减少（P〈0.05）,TGF-β1,Smad2/3,α-SMAmRNA表达明显减少（P〈0.01）,ILK mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）,CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA表达明显增加（P〈0.01）;糖肾平大、中、小各剂量组足细胞TGF-β1蛋白表达明显减少（P〈0.01）,糖肾平大剂量组足细胞TGF-β1 mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）,小、中剂量组表达明显减少（P〈0.01）;糖肾平小、中、大各剂量组足细胞P-Smad2/3蛋白及Smad2/3mRNA表达均明显减少（P〈0.01）;糖肾平小、大剂量组足细胞ILK mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）,中剂量组表达明显减少（P〈0.01）;糖肾平大剂量组足细胞α-SMA蛋白及其mRNA表达减少（P〈0.05）;糖肾平小、中、大各剂量组足细胞CD2AP蛋白及其mRNA表达均明显增加（P〈0.01）。结论：糖肾平能够降低足细胞TGF-β1、ILK蛋白及mRNA表达,降低P-Smad2/3蛋白及Smad2/3 mRNA表达,升高足细胞标志物CD2AP蛋白及mRNA表达,降低间充质细胞标志物α-SMA蛋白及mRNA表达,通过抑制TGF-β1-Smad2/3-ILK信号通路的激活减少足细胞转分化,保护足细胞,可能是其防治糖尿病肾病的作用机制之一。     

Glomerulopatía por invaginación podocítica; reporte del primer caso en Latinoamérica y revisión de la literatura

BackgroundPodocyte infolding glomerulopathy (PIG) is a condition of uncertain origin, frequently associated with autoimmune diseases. Its specific treatment and clinical course are unknown.It is characterised by thickening of the capillary walls due to the presence of non-argyrophilic intramembranous bubbles similar to those found in membranous glomerulopathy, but without electron-dense deposits of immune complexes in the ultrastructure, where translucent microspheres generated by invagination of the podocyte cytoplasm into the basement membranes are observed.ObjectivesGenerally reported in young females patients. To date, few cases in Asian patients have been reported. Our case is the first to be reported in a Latin American Caucasian patient.MethodsA 38-year-old woman with SLE. In 2014 she presented with nephrotic syndrome empirically treated with corticosteroids (CO) and intravenous cyclophosphamide with good response. She had a relapse in April 2015 with normal renal function and no extrarenal lupus activity, so she was referred to our hospital to be biopsied.ResultsThe biopsy reported focal segmental glomerular sclerosis without deposits of immune complexes in the immunofluorescence. However, methenamine silver staining revealed clear spaces in the capillary walls accompanied by marked podocyte alterations. On electron microscope study, numerous aggregates of microvesicular and cylindrical ultrastructures bound to the membranes were observed, without evidence of dense deposits, and diffuse effacement of pedicel foot processes, confirming the suspected diagnosis.ConclusionsThis is the first reported case of what can be considered a new pathological glomerular entity in a Latin American Caucasian patient, whose clinical course and therapy are still unknown.