Engraftable neural crest stem cells derived from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells

Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), a population of multipotent cells that migrate extensively and give rise to diverse derivatives, including peripheral and enteric neurons and glia, craniofacial cartilage and bone, melanocytes and smooth muscle, have great potential for regenerative medicine. Non-human primates provide optimal models for the development of stem cell therapies. Here, we describe the first derivation of NCSCs from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells (CmESCs) at the neural rosette stage. CmESC-derived neurospheres replated on polyornithine/laminin-coated dishes migrated onto the substrate and showed characteristic expression of NCSC markers, including Sox10, AP2α, Slug, Nestin, p75, and HNK1. CmNCSCs were capable of propagating in an undifferentiated state in vitro as adherent or suspension cultures, and could be subsequently induced to differentiate towards peripheral nervous system lineages (peripheral sympathetic neurons, sensory neurons, and Schwann cells) and mesenchymal lineages (osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and smooth muscle cells). CmNCSCs transplanted into developing chick embryos or fetal brains of cynomolgus macaques survived, migrated, and differentiated into progeny consistent with a neural crest identity. Our studies demonstrate that CmNCSCs offer a new tool for investigating neural crest development and neural crest-associated human disease and suggest that this non-human primate model may facilitate tissue engineering and regenerative medicine efforts.     

Magnesium modification of a calcium phosphate cement alters bone marrow stromal cell behavior via an integrin-mediated mechanism

The chemical composition, structure and surface characteristics of biomaterials/scaffold can affect the adsorption of proteins, and this in turn influences the subsequent cellular response and tissue regeneration. With magnesium/calcium phosphate cements (MCPC) as model, the effects of magnesium (Mg) on the initial adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as well as the underlying mechanism were investigated. A series of MCPCs with different magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) content (0∼20%) in calcium phosphate cement (CPC) were synthesized. MCPCs with moderate proportion of MPC (5% and 10%, referred to as 5MCPC and 10MCPC) were found to effectively modulate the orientation of the adsorbed fibronectin (Fn) to exhibit enhanced receptor binding affinity, and to up-regulate integrin α5β1 expression of BMSCs, especially for 5MCPC. As a result, the attachment, morphology, focal adhesion formation, actin filaments assembly and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs on 5MCPC were strongly enhanced. Further in vivo experiments confirmed that 5MCPC induced promoted osteogenesis in comparison to ot her CPC/MCPCs. Our results also suggested that the Mg on the underlying substrates but not the dissolved Mg ions was the main contributor to the above positive effects. Based on these results, it can be inferred that the specific interaction of Fn and integrin α5β1 had predominant effect on the MCPC-induced enhanced cellular response of BMSCs. These results provide a new strategy to regulate BMSCs adhesion and osteogenic differentiation by adjusting the Mg/Ca content and distribution in CPC, guiding the development of osteoinductive scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.     

周亚滨教授运用六经辨证治疗心病证治经验

周亚滨教授从“伤寒最多心病”立意,通过总结《伤寒论》一书对于心病的脉证及遣方用药,指出六经辨证体系对于心病证治具有指导意义。六经辨证是涵盖了八纲以及脏腑经络辨证的学说,能够指导着脏腑经络生理、病理变化的辨证论治。文章整理周亚滨教授在基于六经病证分论的基础上,临证上运用六经辨证思维论治心病的辨证经验,用药上可概括以和、温、补、清、下法为多。     

骨髓间充质干细胞分化为皮肤附属器细胞的初步实验研究

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(marrowmesenchymalstemcells,MSCs)分化为创面皮肤附属器细胞的可能性,及其参与创面修复的可能机制。方法无菌条件下取Wistar大鼠股骨骨髓细胞,密度梯度离心分离、纯化MSCs,体外培养扩增后,用BrdU标记细胞。另于同种雄性Wistar大鼠背部正中,制备1cm×1cm全厚皮肤缺损创面模型,将BrdU标记的1×106/mlMSCs从阴茎静脉输注,术后第3天与第7天切取创面组织,行BrdU免疫组织化学单染色,以及BrdU和广谱角蛋白免疫组织化学双染色。结果BrdU阳性细胞出现在创面皮下组织、皮脂腺、毛囊和骨髓腔中。免疫组织化学双染色结果显示,皮脂腺和毛囊有BrdU阳性细胞,同时表达广谱角蛋白。结论创面愈合过程中,MSCs归巢并参与创面修复;在实验性全身皮肤缺损创面微环境下,MSCs可分化为皮肤附属器细胞。     

Histological and biological developmental characterization of the human cerebellar cortex

The aim of this study was to investigate the histological and biological features of the human cerebellar cortex development and differentiation. We analyzed 52 brains of fetal and infant death victims, aged from 17 gestational weeks to 12th postnatal month. In particular, in the cerebellar cortex at different ages we evaluated, besides the structural aspects, the expression of several biomarkers implicated in proliferative processes (c-fos, PCNA and apoptosis). We observed morphological patterns progressively evolving every month, from the indefinite structure of the second gestational trimester to the four-layered structure (external granular layer, molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, internal granular layer) of the late fetal cortex and subsequently to the three-layered postnatal definitive morphology, due to involution of the external granular layer. The evaluation of the biological features of the cerebellar cortex showed high proliferative activity mainly confined to the transient external granular layer in prenatal life, and high apoptotic index after birth. Thus, the histological examination, better with the support of biomarker investigations, allows with accuracy to describe the dynamic sequence of steps that occur in human cerebellar cortex development and to establish in each case the age, namely the pre- or postnatal month of life. Consequently, we can diagnose delayed or altered processes of differentiation during the development of the human cerebellar cortex.     

透明质酸钠对大鼠成肌细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的 研究透明质酸钠对成肌细胞增殖和分化的影响。方法 采用酶消化法将新生SD大鼠骨骼肌组织分离、纯化、原代培养及传代培养；取第3代成肌细胞，分别加入浓度为0．05%、0．1％及0．2％的透明质酸钠溶液作为生长培养基行体外培养为实验A、B及C组，加入常规生长培养基为对照D组，观察各组成肌细胞增殖情况，并采用细胞计数及MTT法绘制生长曲线。另选择0．1%透明质酸钠融合培养基行体外成肌细胞培养，常规融合培养基作对照，观察透明质酸钠对成肌细胞分化功能的影响。结果A、B及C组成肌细胞增殖表现相似，2d时进入对数生长期，4d时均达顶峰；D组成肌细胞于3d时进入对数生长期，5d时细胞数倍增，6d时达顶峰。MTT法所测吸光度（A）值的变化反映成肌细胞的增殖情况，与细胞计数的结果一致，以B组细胞增殖作用最明显，B组A值在2～8d时均高于C、D组（P〈0．05），8d时高于A组（P〈0．05）。0．1％透明质酸钠融合培养基中的成肌细胞融合率较低且上升缓慢，7d时融合率最高，为11．7％；常规融合培养基成肌细胞融合率于6d时达到峰值，约为35．0%。结论 透明质酸钠与成肌细胞的细胞相容性较好，可以作为良好的成肌细胞培养基。     

胰岛素样生长因子-1基因转染脂肪间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的研究

目的 观察胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)-1基因转染的脂肪间充质干细胞(ADSCs)向软骨细胞分化的效果.方法 原代培养兔ADSCs,免疫荧光法检测细胞表面抗原CD44、CIM9;脂质体介导人IGF-1基因转染兔ADSCs联合低浓度血清培养基向软骨细胞分化诱导,RT-PCR及Western blot方法检测IGF-1的表达,MMT法绘制细胞增殖曲线、甲苯胺蓝染色软骨结节、免疫组织化学检测Ⅱ型胶原的表达.结果 脂肪间充质干细胞CD44、CD109表达阳性,基因转染后细胞IGF-1表达阳性,细胞增殖速度增快,出现软骨结节,Ⅱ型胶原表达增高.结论 从脂肪组织中能够分离出增殖旺盛的ADSCs,IGF-1在ADSCs内获得稳定表达,细胞增殖能力增强,促进其向软骨细胞分化.     

论《金匮要略》基本学术思想及辨病与辨证——从《脏腑经络先后病脉证第一》谈起

研究《金匮要略》的重点应该放在对于各种疾病的辨证论治上，而不是某些证或某些方。这里涉及到如何看待病与证以及辨病与辨证的关系。以《金匮要略》的基本学术思想立论，从四个方面阐述了在整体论思想指导下的辨证论治体系，首先注重的是病；辨证方法的确立是由在发病学上具有不同性质特点的疾病所决定的；四诊所得的各种临床信息是为了辨病然后辨证；只有正确把握病与证的关系，才有可能真正理解和掌握“治未病”的实质。     

辐射对皮肤黑色素细胞的生物效应研究与展望

辐射是影响黑色素细胞结构和功能的一个重要的环境因素。本文综述了近年来辐射对小鼠黑色素细胞的生物效应研究进展，并对今后的发展予以展望。     

Chemical traumatization of adult mouse olfactory epithelium in situ stimulates growth and differentiation of olfactory neurons in vitro

This study demonstrates that ZnSO₄ induced chemical trauma results in an in situ regeneration of the olfactory epithelium which, when maintained in vitro, provides an enriched population of olfactory neurons. Therefore, the ability of the olfactory epithelium to respond to chemical trauma with increased mitotic activity can be used to increase growth of neurons in culture. Tissue obtained from normal or vehicle-treated adult mice produced few olfactory neurons, when maintained in culture, compared to cultures established from tissue following an in situ ZnSO₄ trauma. Maximal neuronal yields were obtained in cultures established from tissue that was removed 4–6 days following chemical trauma. The morphological appearance and the presence of cell specific intermediate filament proteins were used to classify the cell types in these olfactory epithelial cultures. Single cells and aggregates of cells which were immunopositive for keratin, but immunonegative for neurofilament protein and GFAP, were identified as epithelioid. Flattened polygonal cells immunopositive for GFAP were identified as glia. A small population of flattened cells was immunonegative for all of the antibodies used in this study. Cells that had processes were immunonegative for GFAP and keratin. Some were immunopositive for 200 kDa and 160 kDa neurofilament proteins but immunonegative for the 68 kDa neurofilament protein. A few of these cells showed positive immunoreactivity with the olfactory marker protein (OMP) antibody and most likely represented the most mature olfactory neurons in the cultures. This trauma-induced culture model using olfactory tissue from adult mice can serve as a source of CNS neurons for comparison with cultured embryonic neurons.