电磁辐射对神经行为和生物电的影响

随着经济的发展和信息时代的来临，各种频段的电磁波充盈整个生活空间，人们暴露于电磁辐射的机会与日俱增，电磁辐射环境污染已经成为继大气污染、水污染、噪声污染之后的新的第四大公害，给职业接触者和居民的健康带来潜在的危害。电磁辐射对人们健康和生活的影响是多方面的，该文就电磁辐射对神经行为、脑电、心电等方面的影响作一综述，以期对电磁辐射的危害作进一步的了解。     

孕鼠被动吸烟对子代学习记忆功能及海马神经生长因子含量的影响

目的 探讨孕鼠被动吸烟对子代学习记忆功能的影响及其机制。方法 采用反映学习记忆功能的水迷宫法测试大鼠神经行为的改变，IRMA法测定大鼠海马神经生长因子的含量变化。结果 孕期被动吸烟使仔鼠学习记忆能力下降，海马神经生长因子含量明显降低。结论 孕期被动吸烟降低仔鼠学习记忆功能与海马神经生长因子代谢的失调有关。     

Effects of Ethyl Alcohol Administration to THA Rat Dams During Their Gestation Period on Learning Behavior and on Levels of Monoamines and Metabolites in the Brain of Pups after Birth

Children born from chronic alcoholic mothers have shown behavioral teratogenic effects more frequently than morphological malformations. To investigate the possible mechanisms and evaluate maternal alcohol dosage levels to induce behavioral dysfunctions, we gave pregnant Tokai High Avoider (THA) rats 0, 5,10, and 20% ethanol (EtOH) as drinking water during the gestation period. We evaluated the brain function of pups born of alcohol-administered dams. Sidman avoidance behavior test and the levels of monoamines (nor-adrenalin, dopamine, and serotonin) and metabolites (3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid) in whole brain were examined for neurobehavioral and neurochemical effects. EtOH-exposed THA offsprings showed high pre-and postnatal mortality, growth deficits, and brain weight reductions. Compared with the results of the same conditioning experiment using Wistar rats, the THA rat may have higher susceptibility to the effects of in utero EtOH exposure than Wistar rats. EtOH-exposed THA pups exhibited deficits in avoidance operant learning that were not shown in Wistar rats. We also observed the increased levels of all monoamines that were assumed to be related with the deficit of learning, the decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid and homovanillic acid, and the unchanged levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in pups from dams administered 10 and 20% EtOH. However, contrary alteration of monoamines and their metabolites were shown in pups from 5% EtOH-administered dams.     

新生儿神经行为评分的围产期影响因素研究

目的 探讨新生儿神经行为能力及其相关围产期影响因素.方法 应用鲍秀兰等建立的新生儿神经行为评定法（neonatal behavioral neurological assessment,NBNA）对298例足月儿进行新生儿神经行为能力评定,使用自编的“基本资料调查问卷”收集新生儿及其家庭资料.以NBNA总分为因变量,19项围产期影响因素为自变量,采用Logistic回归分析筛选影响因素.结果 新生儿NBNA评分的合格率为99.33％,孕周及孕期情绪为新生儿NBNA得分的有利因素,偏回归系数分别为-0.41和-0.33,而孕妇年龄则为新生儿NBNA得分的不利因素.结论 孕周长和孕期情绪好可促进新生儿神经行为发育,而孕妇年龄大则对其神经行为发育造成影响.     

Ethanol exposure during the early first trimester equivalent impairs reflexive motor activity and heightens fearfulness in an avian model

Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading cause of childhood neurodevelopmental disability. The adverse behavioral effects of alcohol exposure during the second and third trimester are well documented; less clear is whether early first trimester-equivalent exposures also alter behavior. We investigated this question using an established chick model of alcohol exposure. In ovo embryos experienced a single, acute ethanol exposure that spanned gastrulation through neuroectoderm induction and early brain patterning (19-22 h incubation). At 7 days posthatch, the chicks were evaluated for reflexive motor function (wingflap extension, righting reflex), fearfulness (tonic immobility [TI]), and fear/social reinstatement (open-field behavior). Chicks exposed to a peak ethanol level of 0.23-0.28% were compared against untreated and saline-treated controls. Birds receiving early ethanol exposure had a normal righting reflex and a significantly reduced wingflap extension in response to a sudden descent. The ethanol-treated chicks also displayed heightened fearfulness, reflected in increased frequency of TI, and they required significantly fewer trials for its induction. In an open-field test, ethanol treatment did not affect latency to move, steps taken, vocalizations, defecations, or escape attempts. The current findings demonstrate that early ethanol exposure can increase fearfulness and impair aspects of motor function. Importantly, the observed dysfunctions resulted from an acute ethanol exposure during the period when the major brain components are induced and patterned. The equivalent period in human development is 3-4 weeks postconception. The current findings emphasize that ethanol exposure during the early first trimester equivalent can produce neurodevelopmental disability in the offspring.     

Carbon monoxide and the nervous system

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, and non-irritating gas formed when carbon in fuel is not burned completely. It enters the bloodstream through the lungs and attaches to hemoglobin (Hb), the body's oxygen carrier, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and thereby reducing oxygen (O₂) delivery to the body's organs and tissues. High COHb concentrations are poisonous. Central nervous system (CNS) effects in individuals suffering acute CO poisoning cover a wide range, depending on severity of exposure: headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, disorientation, confusion, collapse, and coma.

At lower concentrations, CNS effects include reduction in visual perception, manual dexterity, learning, driving performance, and attention level. Earlier work is frequently cited to justify the statement that CO exposure sufficient to produce COHb levels of ca. 5% would be sufficient to produce visual sensitivity reduction and various neurobehavioral performance deficits. In a recent literature re-evaluation, however, the best estimate was that [COHb] would have to rise to 15–20% before a 10% reduction in any behavioral or visual measurement could be observed. This conclusion was based on (1) critical review of the literature on behavioral and sensory effects, (2) review and interpretation of the physiological effects of COHb on the CNS, (3) extrapolation from the effects of hypoxic hypoxia to the effects of CO hypoxia, and (4) extrapolation from rat behavioral effects of CO to humans.

Also covered in this review article are effects of chronic CO exposure, the discovery of neuroglobin, a summary of the relatively new role for endogenous CO in neurotransmission and vascular homeostasis, groups which might be especially sensitive to CO, and recommendations on further research. The interested reader is directed to other published reviews of the literature on CO and historically seminal references that form our understanding of this ubiquitous gas.     

印刷作业对工人神经行为功能的影响

目的　通过对印刷作业场所的职业卫生调查 ,探讨印刷作业对工人神经行为功能的影响。方法　采用世界卫生组织推荐的神经行为核心测试组合 (NCTB) ,分别对某印刷厂 76名同时暴露于正己烷、混苯 (苯、甲苯、二甲苯 )的工人 (暴露组A)与 5 9名暴露于混苯的工人 (暴露组B)以及 5 1名不接触任何职业有害因素的工人 (对照组 )进行神经行为功能测试。结果　两暴露组在紧张 焦虑、困惑 迷茫、手提转捷度、目标追踪的错误打点数、数字跨度方面与对照组相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,两暴露组之间各项指标差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　印刷作业环境中正己烷及混苯对工人的神经行为功能可产生一定的影响     

无脑损伤早产儿神经行为发育的调查分析与护理

目的探讨无脑损伤早产儿体格、发育商、社会生活能力的发育。方法设61例无异常分娩史且头颅CT除外脑损伤的早产儿为实验组,35例正常足月顺产儿为对照组。分别对2组进行出生后6个月体格、发育商、社会生活能力调查。结果早产儿体格发育、发育商、社会生活能力均落后于对照组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。实验组体质量、身高、头围差于对照组;实验组发育商正常者较对照组少22%;社会生活能力实验组正常以上占51%,对照组占89%。结论早产儿由于过早脱离母体,即使无脑损伤,其体格、神经行为发育仍受到影响;合理的营养及适时的早期教育值得提倡。     

二甲苯对大鼠记忆功能和c—fos基因表达的影响

目的探讨二甲苯对大鼠学习记忆功能的影响及其机制。方法采用反映学习记忆功能的水迷宫法和步下法测试大鼠神经行为的改变；免疫组化法研究大鼠脑组织ＦＯＳ免疫反应（ＦＯＳＩＲ）阳性胞核的水平。结果二甲苯使大鼠学习记忆能力下降，大脑皮层及海马区内均有较多的ＦＯＳ蛋白阳性细胞。结论二甲苯可损伤大鼠学习记忆能力，且这种改变可能与脑组织内ｃｆｏｓ的表达有关系