Diuretic-induced hyponatremia and osteoporotic fractures in patients admitted to the emergency department

Objective

Hyponatremia is a complication of diuretic treatment and has been recently identified as a novel factor associated with osteoporosis and fractures. The impact of diuretic-associated electrolyte disorders on osteoporotic fractures (OF) has rarely been studied systematically.

Design and setting

We conducted a study in patients presenting to the emergency department at the University Hospital Bern. In this retrospective case series analysis of prospectively gathered data, over a 2-year period we identified 10,823 adult (≥50 years) outpatients with a measured baseline serum sodium, at admission to the hospital. OF patients were compared to a control group without fractures using standard statistical methods.

Results

Four hundred and eighty (5%) patients had 547 OF. The OF group had a higher mean age (73 vs. 68 years, p < 0.0001), smaller proportion of men (37% vs. 58%, p < 0.0001), higher hospitalisation rate (83% vs. 62%, p < 0.0001) and longer hospital stay (8 vs. 6 days, p < 0.0001). Any diuretic agent (p < 0.0001), loop diurietics (p = 0.02), spironolactone (p = 0.02) and amiloride (p < 0.01) were used significantly more in OF patients, but not thiazides (p = 0.68). The prevalence of hyponatremia increased significantly (p < 0.0001) with the number of diuretics taken. Advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, p < 0.0001), hyponatremia (OR 1.46, p = 0.011) higher serum creatinine (OR 1.53, p = 0.0001), furosemide use alone (OR 1.40, p = 0.01) and co-treatment with amiloride (OR 2.22, p = 0.02) were associated with a higher risk for OF.

Conclusions

This study highlights the clinical association of hyponatremia during the use of certain diuretics (i.e. furosemide or in combination, i.e. amiloride) with an increased risk of osteoporosis associated fractures. Although evidence-based data is currently lacking a pragmatic approach concerning hyponatremia monitoring and correction appears reasonable in selected groups of patients.     

Predictors and Outcomes of Renal Replacement Therapy After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

ObjectiveTo examine the frequency and outcomes of patients requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) early after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation.Patients and MethodsWe examined use of in-hospital RRT and outcomes in consecutive adults who underwent continuous-flow LVAD implantation from February 15, 2007, through August 8, 2017. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of RRT. The associations of RRT with outcomes were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsOf 354 patients who underwent LVAD implantation, 54 (15%) required in-hospital RRT. Patients receiving RRT had higher preoperative Charlson Comorbidity Index values (median, 5 vs 4; P=.03), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores (mean, 19.0 vs 14.5; P<.001), right atrial pressure (mean, 19.1 vs 13.4 mm Hg; P<.001), and estimated 24-hour urine protein levels (median, 357 vs 174 mg; P<.001) and lower preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (median, 43 vs 57 mL/min; P<.001) and measured GFR using ¹²⁵I-iothalamate clearance (median, 33 vs 51 mL/min; P=.001) than those who did not require RRT. Approximately 40% of patients with eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m² and 24-hour urine protein level greater than 400 mg required RRT vs 6% with eGFR greater than45 mL/min/1.73 m² and without significant proteinuria. Lower preoperative eGFR, higher estimated 24-hour urine protein level, higher right atrial pressure, and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time were independent predictors of RRT after LVAD implantation. Of patients requiring in-hospital RRT, 18 (33%) had renal recovery, 18 (33%) required outpatient hemodialysis, and 18 (33%) died before hospital discharge. After median (Q1, Q3) follow-up of 24.3 (8.9, 49.6) months, RRT was associated with increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.86; 95% CI, 1.90-4.33; P<.001) and gastrointestinal bleeding (adjusted HR, 4.47; 95% CI, 2.57-7.75; P<.001).ConclusionIn-hospital RRT is associated with poor prognosis after LVAD. A detailed preoperative assessment of renal function before LVAD may be helpful in risk stratification and patient selection.     

Bilirubin and its changes were negatively associated with diabetic kidney disease incidence and progression: A five-year's cohort study based on 5323 Chinese male diabetic patients

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the association between baseline bilirubin (TBiL) and follow-up TBiL changes for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) incidence and progression based on a 5?years' cohort study.

血肌酐、胱抑素C、简化MDRD和LeBricon公式在评估肾移植术后肾功能中的作用

目的：探讨血肌酐（Scr）,胱抑素C（Cys C）,简化MDRD和Le Bricon公式在评估患者肾移植术后肾功能中的诊断价值。方法收集2012年9月～2014年6月间57例肾移植患者和48例健康对照组采用99m Tc-DTPA肾动态显像法（RDI）测定肾小球滤过率（GFR）,检测 Scr和Cys C,利用简化 MDRD和 Le Bricon 公式计算 GFR估算值,进行 spearman相关性分析,并用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价诊断价值。结果肾移植组 DTPA,Scr,Cys C,简化 MDRD和 Le Bri-con估算值分别为60.69±13.52 ml/min/1.73m2,1.34±0.28 mg/dl,1.42±0.15 mg/dl,66.97±15.85 ml/min/1.73m2和59.93±10.23 ml/min/1.73m2;对照组值分别为90.12±12.61 ml/min/1.73m2,0.97±0.09 mg/dl,0.86±0.12 mg/dl,87.13±18.29 ml/min/1.73m2和94.80±18.73 ml/min/1.73m2,组间比较均有统计学意义（t＝1.01～6.12,P 值均＜0.01）,Scr,Cys C,简化 MDRD和 Le Bricon估算值与DTPA之间具有不同的相关性（r＝-0.76～0.82,P 值均＜0.01）, ROC曲线下面积分别为0.856,0.973,0.814和0.971。结论 Scr,Cys C,MDRD和 Le Bricon均对肾移植后受体患者慢性肾病有一定的预测价值,但 Cys C及基于 Cys C的 Le Bricon评估方程分别优于肌酐及基于肌酐的简化 MDRD评估方程。     

Cockcroft-Gault方程和MDRD方程测定肾功能的临床应用

目的评估Cockcroft-Gault方程和MDRD方程计算肾小球滤过率来反应肾功能的可行性.方法测定147名患者的24小时肌酐清除率(24 h Ccr),同时测定血肌酐、尿肌酐、白蛋白、尿素氮并称体重.用Cockcroft-Gault方程(CG-GFR)和MDRD方程(MD-GFR分别以白人和黑人计算)估算肾小球滤过率,并进行比较分析.结果总体上,CG-GFR与24 h Ccr无差异,呈高相关(r=0.879).24 h Ccr分别与MD-GFR(白人)和MD-GFR(黑人)比较,差异有统计学意义.结论我国人群可以适用Cockcroft-Gault方程来评估肾功能,值得在临床上推广应用.MDRD方程可能不适用于中国人.     

应用MDRD公式与简化MDRD公式估测心力衰竭患者的肾小球滤过率水平

目的 探讨心力衰竭(HF)患者肾小球滤过率水平(GFR)和心功能分级的关系.方法 647例HF患者,分为急性左心衰患者和慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者,后者按NYHA心功能分级分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级,5组患者分别为18、31、200、253、145例;选取无心力衰竭的患者54例作为对照组.所有入选者抽血检查肝肾功能等项目,并根据肾脏病膳食改良试验(MDRD)公式及简化MDRD公式分别计算肾小球滤过率(eGFR).结果 2个公式所得出的eGFR水平在对照组、心功能Ⅱ级组、心功能Ⅰ级组、心功能Ⅲ级组、心功能Ⅳ级组、急性左心衰组中均逐渐降低.结论 肾小球滤过率水平与心力衰竭程度呈负相关,心力衰竭程度越重,肾小球滤过率水平越低.     

Performance of the Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations in adult Nigerians with chronic kidney disease

Background  Estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is required in the assessment of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in order to provide information regarding the functional status of the kidneys. Current guidelines advocate the use of prediction equations, such as the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study-derived equations, over clearance of endogenous creatinine (Ccr) in achieving this aim. We were interested in knowing the accuracy of these equations in predicting the GFR in adult Nigerians with CKD. Methods  We conducted a review of records of patients who were evaluated for CKD at the Nephrology Clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital between 2001 and 2003. We compared the CG and MDRD equations against the Ccr in predicting the GFR in 130 patients (88 males and 42 females) with CKD. Results  The means ± standard deviation (SD) for the measured and predicted GFR by the CG and MDRD equations were similar (17.6 ± 25.8 ml/min, 19.9 ± 24.0 ml/min and 21.5 ± 28.2 ml/min, respectively; analysis of variance [ANOVA], F = 0.68, P = 0.5). The mean difference between CG and Ccr was −2.2 ± 14.8 ml/min, with discordance at Ccr values >25 ml/min. The mean difference between MDRD and Ccr was −3.9 ± 18.1 ml/min, with discordance at Ccr values >40 ml/min. Conclusion  The CG and MDRD equations provide reliable alternatives to measured Ccr in the estimation of the GFR in Nigerian patients with CKD.     

Serum cystatin C measured by a sol particle homogeneous immunoassay can accurately detect early impairment of renal function

BACKGROUND: A sol particle homogeneous immunoassay (SPIA) is a method to measure the serum cystatin C (cysC) level as a marker of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Recently, formulas to convert measured cysC to GFR have been developed. METHODS: A total of 154 patients (46 +/- 18 years old) who had undergone renal biopsy, sodium thiosulfate clearance (C thio) and 24-h creatinine clearance (24-hCcr) tests were subjects for the study. Their serum cysC levels were determined by SPIA. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed C (thio) and age as independent variables for serum creatinine concentration (Cr), while only C thio affected cysC. The equations using Cr or cysC showed significant correlation with C thio. Receiver-operating curve ROC analysis revealed that cysC and 24-hCcr shared comparable power to detect patients with GFR < 90 or 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (AUC = 0.862 and 0.943 vs. AUC = 0.842 and 0.943, respectively), while Cr (AUC = 0.881) and MDRD2 (AUC = 0.888) showed slightly inferior ability to detect 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 than other parameters in the female population. The cut-off point of cysC and Cr obtained from the ROC analysis demonstrated strong power to detect patients with C thio < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 or C thio < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. According to CKD stages, the mean values of each equation were significantly different, like that demonstrated by 24-hCcr. CONCLUSION: SPIA could determine cysC levels that detected early renal impairment. The accuracy of cysC to detect early renal impairment may be superior to that of Cr in females, while it would be comparable to that of CG or MDRD when they are corrected by sex and age. Both cysC itself and cysC equations are effective to monitor the progress of renal impairment. The future standardization of cysC measurements and development of novel equation of cysC would contribute to the further improvement of GFR estimation in clinical practice.