低分子肝素经大鼠胃肠道吸收的研究

目的考察低分子肝素(LMWH)溶液及乳剂在麻醉大鼠胃肠道的吸收情况以及磷脂对LMWH的促吸收作用.方法在体大鼠胃中给药、小肠及小肠各肠段循环液给药,一定时间后测定血液凝固时间的变化及循环液中药量的变化,以反映药物的吸收情况.结果LMWH在体小肠和十二指肠循环溶液及乳剂循环一定时间后,药量显著减少,血液凝固时间明显延长.结论LMWH在胃中无明显吸收,部分被破坏;在小肠中吸收,十二指肠吸收最好.磷脂乳剂对LMWH有一定的保护和促吸收作用.     

低分子量肝素治疗进展型脑梗死及对血流变影响

目的:探讨低分子量肝素对进展型脑梗死的疗效及血流变影响.方法:将80例进展型脑梗死患者,随机分为治疗组40例,对照组40例.两组在治疗前后均行神经功能缺损评分和临床疗效评定,并观察其疗效及有关实验室指标,追踪随访1年.结果:治疗组的有效率明显高于对照组,不良反应轻微,PLT、APTT无明显变化,但血流变指标明显下降,1年内复发率明显小于对照组.结论:低分子肝素治疗进展型脑梗死疗效肯定,对于减少复发亦有一定作用,并可改善血流变.     

瑞替普酶并低分子肝素用于急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗的有效性与安全性研究

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)瑞替普酶静脉溶栓并应用低分子肝素(LMWH)替代普通肝素(UFH)抗凝治疗的安全性与有效性。方法106例AMI患者经瑞替普酶静脉溶栓后,随机分为LMWH组(低分子肝素5000U皮下注射,2次/d)和静脉UFH组(普通肝素静脉泵入24h后改为低分子肝素5000U皮下注射,2次/d),1周后行冠状动脉造影及冠脉介入治疗(PCI)。观察临床再通率、血管开通率、急性期并发症、出血及不良反应的发生率。结果①LMWH组与静脉UFH组相比,临床再通率(82.1%vs78.0%)、血管开通率(78.9%vs75.0%)高,临床再通病例梗死后心绞痛发生率(8.70%vs12.8%)低,但两组之间差异无统计学意义;②LMWH组出血并发症明显低于静脉UFH组(7.14%vs18.0%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③两组PCI后均予LMWH抗凝治疗,30d内无急性或亚急性支架内血栓形成发生。结论本研究结果提示,瑞替普酶并LMWH用于AMI再灌注治疗是安全、有效、方便的,LMWH用于PCI后抗凝治疗疗效确切。     

脑梗死患者间歇使用低分子肝素对颈动脉斑块和血清炎性标志物的影响

目的:脑梗死患者间断使用低分子肝素,观察其对颈动脉斑块和血清炎性标志物的影响.方法:选择脑梗死并具有颈动脉斑块的患者78例作为对象,随机分为常规组(37例)和低分子肝素组(41例),分别于治疗前后测定颈动脉斑块情况及血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平.结果:①治疗前比较,两组间颈动...     

Lower dosage of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and Objective

According to US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), 2 hour recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) 100 mg infusion is recommended for eligible patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). However,there exists evidence implying that a lower dosage of rt-PA can be equally effective but potentially safer compared with rt-PA 100 mg regimen. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy and safety of low dose rt-PA in the treatment of acute PE.

Material and Method

We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and CBM Literature Database for randomized controlled trials (RCT) focusing on low dose rt-PA for acute PE. Outcomes were described in terms of changes of image tests and echocardiography, major bleeding events, all-cause death, and recurrence of PE.

Results

Five studies (440 patients) were included, three of which compared low dose rt-PA (0.6 mg/kg, maximum 50 mg or 50 mg infusion 2 h) with standard dose (100 mg infusion 2 h). There were more major bleeding events in standard dose rt-PA group than in low dose group (OR 0.33, 95%CI 0.12-0.91;P = 0.94,I² = 0%), while there were no statistical differences in recurrent PE or all cause mortality between these two groups. Two studies compared low dose (0.6 mg/kg, maximum 50 mg/2 min bolus or 10 mg bolus, ≤ 40 mg/2 h) with heparin. There was no significant difference in major bleeding events (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.14-3.98;P = 0.72), recurrent PE or all cause mortality. No dose-related heterogeneity was found for all the included studies.

Conclusions

The results of this meta-analysis were hypothesis-generating. Based on the limited data, our systematic review suggested that low dose rt-PA had similar efficacy but was safer than standard dose of rt-PA. In addition, compared with heparin, low dose rt-PA didn’t increase the risk of major bleeding for eligible PE patients.     

Thromboprophylaxis patterns,risk factors,and outcomes of care in the medically ill patient population

Introduction

Medically ill, hospitalized patients are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) after discharge. This study aimed to examine thromboprophylaxis patterns, risk factors, and post-discharge outcomes.

Methods

This was a retrospective claims analysis involving administrative claims data and in-patient data abstracted from a sample of hospital charts. Patients aged ≥ 40 years hospitalized for ≥ 2 days for nonsurgical reasons between 2005 and 2009 were included. Hospital chart data were abstracted for a random sample of patients without evidence of anticoagulant use at 30 days post-discharge. The combined data determined whether in-patient thromboprophylaxis (anticoagulant or mechanical prophylaxis) reduces risk of VTE at 90 days post-discharge. Hazard ratios (HR) and odds ratios (OR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regression.

Results

Of 141,628 patients in the claims analysis, 3.9% received anticoagulants (3.6% warfarin). VTE, rehospitalization, and mortality rates were 1.9%, 17.2%, and 6.2%, respectively. The strongest predictors of post-discharge VTE were history of VTE (HR = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3-4.8), and rehospitalization (HR = 3.9, 95% CI: 3.6-4.3). Of 504 medical charts, 209 (41.5%) reported in-patient thromboprophylaxis. There was no statistically significant difference in post-discharge VTE rates between patients who did and did not receive in-patient thromboprophylaxis. All-cause mortality was greater among patients without use of VTE prophylaxis.

Conclusion

Utilization rates of in-hospital and post-discharge VTE prophylaxis were low. In-hospital VTE prophylaxis did not reduce the risk of post-discharge VTE in the absence of post-discharge anticoagulation. Combined in-patient and post-discharge thromboprophylaxis lowered the odds of short-term, all-cause post-discharge mortality.     

Enoxaparin Versus Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Venous Thromboembolism in Asians Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

BackgroundThe introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) shows promise for their role as a chemoprophylaxis agent after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, existing studies are largely based on Western populations that do not account for the different risk profiles and lower rates of VTE in Asians. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of DOACs compared with enoxaparin in an Asian-based population study.MethodsThe review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. All studies that compared outcomes between enoxaparin and DOACs as VTE prophylaxis after TKA in the Asian population were included.ResultsFive studies with 121,153 patients were included. DOACs demonstrated a convincing benefit over enoxaparin in overall VTE prevention (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24-0.74). However, although the OR trended in favor of DOACs for the reduction of deep vein thrombosis events (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.20-1.48) and pulmonary embolism (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.07-8.20), statistical significance was not reached. In terms of bleeding complications, both arms had similar rates of major (0.91% vs 0.20%), clinically relevant nonmajor (3.28% vs 2.94%), and minor bleeding complications (12.8 vs 13.3%). A nonsignificance advantage of enoxaparin over DOACs was revealed in the OR for major bleeding (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 0.81-12.43), whereas DOACs were favored to reduce risk of clinically relevant nonmajor (OR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.01-91.51) and minor bleeding (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.11-5.33).ConclusionDOACs confer a significantly reduced rate of overall VTE compared with enoxaparin in Asians after TKA. No significant differences in deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and rates of bleeding complications exist.