2012至2013年南通地区麻疹的流行病学分析

目的：探讨南通地区2012～2013麻疹的临床特点、预防接种及治疗转归,为进一步防治麻疹,控制并发症提供依据。方法收集并分析2012～2013年我院传染科麻疹患者的资料并进行回顾性分析。结果近年南通地区麻疹发病率显著升高,年龄分布呈两极分化,婴幼儿（32.6%）及成人（48.8%）所占比率增大。麻疹临床症状典型,黏膜斑较多见;成人麻疹患者全身中毒症状重,多见肝功能损害（57.2%）;婴幼儿麻疹患者支气管炎、支气管肺炎（51.1%）并发症显著高于成人。结论目前麻疹仍以典型性麻疹为主,幼儿发病率较往年明显升高且并发症多见,非典型皮疹病例较往年有所增加。为控制麻疹流行,建议加强麻疹抗体滴度监测及疫苗接种。     

应用商环外置法行儿童包皮环切术的临床研究

目的评价商环外置法用于儿童包皮环切术的疗效及并发症情况。方法应用商环对147例包茎及包皮过长儿童进行包皮环切术,对手术时间、包皮愈合时间、背侧包皮切开率、疼痛程度、术后并发症、阴茎头分泌物及外观满意度进行观察和随访。结果手术时间为(6.20±2.14)min;包皮愈合时间(23.52±2.44)d;背侧包皮切开率95.24%(140/147);术后1 h疼痛评分(4.61±2.44)分;拆环时疼痛评分(6.59±2.11)分;术后并发症为包皮红肿29.25%,(43/147)、出血0.68%(1/147)、裂开0.68%(1/147),包皮粘连2.72%(4/147)、切口感染0.00%(0/147);术后外观满意度100%(147/147)。结论应用商环行儿童包皮环切术具有操作简单,手术时间短,术后并发症少,外观满意度高等优点,虽术后拆环时疼痛明显,仍是小儿包皮环切术可选择的一种手术方式。     

复方阿嗪米特肠溶片治疗消化不良的多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照临床研究

背景:复方阿嗪米特肠溶片(商品名:泌特)含阿嗪米特和多种消化酶,国外用于治疗慢性消化不良已有多年,但迄今为止在国内尚无多中心、随机、安慰剂平行对照研究.目的:评价应用复方阿嗪米特肠溶片治疗慢性消化不良的临床疗效、安全性和依从性.方法:采用多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照临床研究.上海市11个临床中心共纳入消化不良患者203例,随机分为两组,资料完整并纳入统计分析者191例,治疗组86例,对照组105例.餐后分别立即服用复方阿嗪米特肠溶片或安慰剂2片,每日3次,疗程2周.治疗前后和治疗期间每天分别评估各消化不良症状的积分、药物副作用和患者的依从情况.结果:两组消化不良患者的年龄、性别、疾病类别和消化不良症状积分均有较好的匹配性,且均完成了研究规定的疗程.与对照组相比,治疗组治疗1周后各消化不良症状积分均小于对照组,腹胀、嘈杂和总症状积分显著下降(P<0.05);治疗2周后,除便秘症状(P=0.214)外,治疗组食欲不振、腹胀、腹痛、嗳气、恶心、嘈杂、腹泻症状和症状总积分均显著低于对照组(P均＜0.05).治疗1周和2周后,治疗组各消化不良症状积分和症状总积分改善率均显著高于对照组(P<0.0001).结论:复方阿嗪米特肠溶片治疗各种病因相关性消化不良安全有效,依从性好,无严重不良反应.     

Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonists: potential new candidates for the treatment of schizophrenia

Rationale and objective Auditory sensory gating, a biological measurement of the ability to suppress the evoked response to the second of two auditory stimuli, is diminished in people with schizophrenia. Deficits in sensory gating are associated with attentional impairment, and may contribute to cognitive symptoms and perceptual disturbances. This inhibitory process, which involves the alpha₇ nicotinic receptor mediated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by hippocampal interneurons, represents a potential new target for therapeutic intervention in schizophrenia.Method This paper will review several lines of evidence implicating the nicotinic-cholinergic, and specifically, the alpha₇ nicotinic receptor system in the pathology of schizophrenia and the evidence that alpha₇ nicotinic receptor agonists may ameliorate some of these deficits.Results Impaired auditory sensory gating has been linked to the alpha₇ nicotinic receptor gene on the chromosome 15q14 locus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the promoter region of this gene are more frequent in people with schizophrenia. Although nicotine can acutely reverse diminished auditory sensory gating in people with schizophrenia, this effect is lost on a chronic basis due to receptor desensitization. Clozapine is able to reverse auditory sensory gating impairment, probably through an alpha₇ nicotinic receptor mechanism, in both humans and animal models with repeated dosing. The alpha₇ nicotinic agonist 3-2,4 dimethoxybenzylidene anabaseine (DMXBA) can also enhance auditory sensory gating in animal models. DMXBA is well tolerated in humans and improves several cognitive measures.Conclusion Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor agonists appear to be reasonable candidates for the treatment of cognitive and perceptual disturbances in schizophrenia.Dr. Martin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kem holds a patent with the University of Florida on anabaseine-based medicinal compounds. Dr. Freedman has a pending patent application with the VA Medical Research Service on the genomic structure of CHRNA7. He has served as a consultant to Janssen Research Foundation, Abbott Laboratories, and Pharmacia-Upjohn.     

Report from the EPAA workshop: In vitro ADME in safety testing used by EPAA industry sectors

There are now numerous in vitro and in silico ADME alternatives to in vivo assays but how do different industries incorporate them into their decision tree approaches for risk assessment, bearing in mind that the chemicals tested are intended for widely varying purposes? The extent of the use of animal tests is mainly driven by regulations or by the lack of a suitable in vitro model. Therefore, what considerations are needed for alternative models and how can they be improved so that they can be used as part of the risk assessment process? To address these issues, the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) working group on prioritisation, promotion and implementation of the 3Rs research held a workshop in November, 2008 in Duesseldorf, Germany. Participants included different industry sectors such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, industrial- and agro-chemicals. This report describes the outcome of the discussions and recommendations (a) to reduce the number of animals used for determining the ADME properties of chemicals and (b) for considerations and actions regarding in vitro and in silico assays. These included: standardisation and promotion of in vitro assays so that they may become accepted by regulators; increased availability of industry in vivo kinetic data for a central database to increase the power of in silico predictions; expansion of the applicability domains of in vitro and in silico tools (which are not necessarily more applicable or even exclusive to one particular sector) and continued collaborations between regulators, academia and industry. A recommended immediate course of action was to establish an expert panel of users, developers and regulators to define the testing scope of models for different chemical classes. It was agreed by all participants that improvement and harmonization of alternative approaches is needed for all sectors and this will most effectively be achieved by stakeholders from different sectors sharing data.     

Castration-resistant prostate cancer: targeted therapies and individualized treatment

Various molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the progression from hormone-sensitive to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Novel targeted agents to treat CRPC have been developed that inhibit either androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling (AR antagonists and inhibitors of androgen synthesis) or non-AR-mediated signaling (inhibitors of Src, mammalian target of rapamycin, chaperone proteins, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and endothelin-A receptor) pathways. However, variable efficacy has been observed in clinical trials, most likely because of the biologic heterogeneity of CRPC. To account for potential differences in disease biology, a more individualized approach to treatment, based on genomic and/or proteomic analyses of individual tumors, is being investigated. By identifying tumors with a characteristic molecular subtype and assigning treatment accordingly, it is hoped that a higher proportion of patients will benefit from targeted therapy. Additionally, lessons learned through the application of these technologies to prostate cancer may subsequently influence therapeutic development in other solid tumors.     

米曲菌胰酶片治疗消化不良症状的多中心、随机、安慰剂交叉对照临床研究

背景：米曲菌胰酶片是含有米曲菌酶和胰酶的口服双层包膜复合消化酶制剂，在国外用于治疗消化不良已有数十年．然而目前国内尚无米曲菌胰酶片治疗消化不良症状疗效和安全性的资料。目的：评价米曲菌胰酶片对中国人群消化不良症状的疗效和安全性。方法：采用多中心、随机、安慰剂交叉对照试验设计，在上海地区7个临床中心，对有消化不良症状的门诊患者先予安慰剂治疗1周，症状积分改善〈50％者中共有151例[男76例，女75例，年龄22～67岁，平均（44．67±6．46）岁]完成疗效观察研究，79例随机进入流程A（予米曲菌胰酶片2片tid，餐后立即服用，治疗2周；1周药物清洗期；再予安慰剂2片tid，餐后立即服用，治疗2周），72例进人流程B（予安慰剂2片tid，餐后立即服用，治疗2周；1周药物清洗期；再予米曲菌胰酶片2片tid，餐后立即服用，治疗2周）。分别于研究流程的第1、8、22、29和43d评估消化不良症状积分。结果：经米曲菌胰酶片治疗2周，患者消化不良症状总积分下降幅度与安慰剂相比差异有统计学意义（从27．64±1．77降至9．72±1．33对从23．99±1．28降至22．03±1．40，P〈0．01）。根据症状积分改善幅度．米曲菌胰酶片改善消化不良症状的效果依次为腹胀、腹泻、嗳气、腹痛、食欲不振和上腹部烧灼感。米曲菌胰酶片治疗消化不良症状的总有效率显著优于安慰剂（89．6％对21．7％，P〈0．01）。研究过程中无与研究药物相关的不良反应发生。结论：米曲菌胰酶片用于治疗中国人群的消化不良症状安全、有效。     

International Experience with Tiagabine Add-On Therapy

Summary: Tiagabine (TGB) hydrochloride is a novel antiepileptic drug (AED) that is a potent and specific inhibitor of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake into glial and neuronal elements. In accordance with medical and regulatory standards, the clinical development program for TGB as an AED has assessed the value of TGB in add-on treatment, focusing mainly on partial seizures, including secondarily generalized seizures. Five add-on, placebo-controlled trials and six non-comparative, open-label, long-term multicenter trials have been or are being conducted in Australia, Europe, and the U.S.A. The results of these trials, involving 2,261 patients, indicate that TGB has efficacy as add-on therapy in patients with epilepsy difficult to control with existing AEDs. Efficacy of TGB is also sustained with long-term treatment. A clear dose-response has been demonstrated, and the minimal effective dose level is 30 mg. TGB is also tolerated, and with long-term therapy no new or more severe types of adverse events develop. These studies have included a wide age range of patients, including adolescents and the elderly.     

Tiagabine Monotherapy in the Treatment of Partial Epilepsy

Summary: Three studies were conducted to assess tiagabine (TGB) hydrochloride monotherapy in patients with partial seizures. The first was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 11 patients (seven TGB, four placebo) undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery. Baseline antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy was discontinued abruptly before monotherapy. Although 24-h seizure rates increased during monotherapy in both groups, patients receiving TGB experienced fewer seizures than placebo patients. Subsequent studies (an open-label, dose-ranging study; n = 31 and a double-blind, randomized comparison of 6 and 36 mg/day TGB; n = 102 and 96, respectively) involved discontinuation of baseline AEDs. In the dose-ranging study, 19 of 31 patients (61%) converted to TGB monotherapy, with a mean final dose of 38.4 mg/day (range 24–54 mg/day) in those who completed the study ( n = 12). In the low- vs. high-dosage study, median 4-week complex partial seizure rates decreased significantly in patients from both dose groups who completed the monotherapy period ( p <0.05 compared with baseline). In the intent-to-treat analysis, significantly more patients in the high-dose group experienced a reduction in seizures of at least 50% compared with the low-dose group ( p = 0.038). Overall, the types of adverse events with TGB monotherapy were similar to those observed in add-on trials. These initial trials in difficult-to-treat epilepsy patients indicate that TGB monotherapy may provide a new approach to the treatment of patients with partial seizures refractory to other AEDs.