Heat transfer to deep tissue: the effect of body fat and heating modality

The purpose of this study was to quantify the thermal transfer characteristics of the skin in relation to body composition as assessed by the ability of water immersion and hot and cold packs with different thicknesses of towels layers to heat or cool deep tissue. Two sets of experiments were conducted to determine the interrelationships between body fat content and muscle temperature after immersion of the limb in water or the application of hot and cold packs. In the first series of experiments, subjects immersed their lower body in water at 42, 37, 34, 27, 24 and 0 °C for 20 minutes. Muscle temperature was measured in the skin above and in the belly of the quadriceps and medial gastrocnemius muscles by a thermistor on the skin and one implanted with a 20-gauge needle 25 mm below and perpendicular to the skin. To see the effect of circulation, a series was conducted with the circulation occluded. In the second series, hot or cold packs were used with different thicknesses of towel layers. The muscle temperature after immersion in water approached that of the packs within approximately 20 minutes. In contrast, when hot and cold packs were used with various thickness or towels ranging from 2 to 10 mm in thickness, the change in muscle temperature was much less and it was still changing at the end of a 20 minute period. Subjects with high body fat changed their deep tissue temperatures much more slowly with a time constant nearly double that of the thin subjects with all modalities. Even after water immersion, if the body fat exceeded 25% of the subject's weight, 20 min of immersion was not enough to either warm the muscle or cool it down substantially. Cold packs and hot packs were very ineffective in changing muscle temperature under these same conditions. Body fat plays a major role, as did limb blood flow in controlling the movement of heat across the limb.     

Étude de faisabilité d’une exposition thérapeutique en réalité virtuelle pour joueurs pathologiques

The experiment presented is the result of a partnership between the Paris-Nanterre University (CLIPSYD laboratory, EA 4430) and the CSAPA Imagine (Simone Veil Hospital, GH Eaubonne-Montmorency). Virtual reality immersion exposure for pathological gamblers is beneficial in the context of cognitive and behavioral interventions. It can be used to evoke the desire to play and to have access to automatic thoughts and mistaken beliefs of the players when they find themselves in a gambling context. Exposure is used until the urge to play diminishes and disappears which is the process of desensitization or extinction.ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to investigate the possibilities implemented by virtual reality in the case of an exhibition for pathological gamers to create a desire to play and work with the patient in an environment identical to the ecological one. Two hypotheses were proposed. On the one hand, the virtual reality exhibition will help to change the desire to play in relation to the game. On the other hand, virtual exhibition sessions associated with cognitive restructuring will have a greater impact on the perception of reality.MethodAfter a diagnosis was made, participation in the study was offered to patients (n = 10) in routine care and able to participate (exclusion criteria). It consisted of four virtual reality exposure sessions integrated with traditional care. Exposure did not exceed 20 minutes. To carry out this study we used the virtual reality headset “Oculus Rift CV1” and the headphones measuring EEG waves, “Emotiv Epoc”. A battery of questionnaires were proposed to evaluate gambling-related behaviors (ICJP, GRCS, UPPS), to analyze the interest of the virtual reality exhibition (SIS, CGI, TEI, EVA), and to glimpse the immersion abilities (QEP and QPI).ResultsTen participants aged 25 to 60 agreed to participate in the study. The results of this study demonstrated the viability of RV gamers’ exposure as a tool that can help reduce pathological gambling symptoms and the severity perceived by therapists (CPI: t = 1.6, P = 0.001; CGI: t = 4.87, P = 0.001) between the beginning of the care and the end of the care and at D+1. We were also able to observe significant results (P < 0.05) concerning a decrease in cognitive distortions (GRCS tot, Illusion of control, Power of prediction, Favorable interpretation).ConclusionThe feasibility study shows that the desire to play is very present during the virtual reality exhibition in accordance with literature studies. The results also demonstrate the utility of virtual reality to allow the patient to elaborate on the cognitive distortions associated with the practice of pathological gambling. From a therapeutic point of view, the results suggest that virtual reality can increase the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring and increase understanding of the urge to play related to stimuli in the environment of play.     

当代大学生审美价值观的构建与现状

目的:东西审美文化的相互碰撞以及互联网时代的到来,传统的审美文化已经不能满足当代大学生的审美需求。为了了解和引导大学生树立积极的审美价值观,需要重新构建大学生审美价值观体系。方法:使用审美价值观自编问卷对197名大学生进行初测,再补充施测126人。结果:1采用主成分分析法,碎石图验证大学生审美价值观包括深邃、形式化、沉浸和高雅4个维度,各维度的α信度系数分别为0.786、0.780、0.690、0.634,;2闲暇时娱乐以网络为平台,以影视剧(77.6%)和听音乐(76.6%)为主来放松心情(87.2%)和舒缓压力(73.4%);3审美价值观存在显著性别差异,女性在深邃、沉浸、高雅维度上均显著高于男性(t=-3.084,P0.01;t=-3.893,P0.001;t=-2.540;P0.05),而男性在形式化维度上得分显著高于女性(t=2.649,P0.01);4审美价值观在高雅维度上存在显著城乡差异(t=2.027,P0.05),在深邃、形式化、沉浸上不存在城乡显著差异;5文科生、理科生在深邃因子和高雅因子上得分上均显著高于工科生(P0.05)。结论:大学生审美价值观包括深邃、形式化、沉浸、高雅4个维度。当今大学生的审美价值观受网络影响较大,审美欣赏更注重深邃性,城乡与大中城市不同专业的学生存在审美差异。     

Hemoptysis Due to Breath-Hold Diving Following Chemotherapy and Lung Irradiation

Breath-hold diving, also known as free-diving, describes the practice of intentional immersion under water without an external supply of oxygen. Pulmonary hemorrhage with hemoptysis has been reported as a complication of immersion and breath-hold diving in young healthy athletes. We report the case of a 60-year-old man with a history of radiation and chemotherapy for breast carcinoma, who developed the abrupt onset of hemoptysis in the setting of swimming and breath-hold diving. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest demonstrated an area of ground glass opacification, suggestive of pulmonary hemorrhage, superimposed on a background of reticular opacities within the prior radiation field. A follow-up CT scan of the chest, obtained 2 months after presentation, demonstrated resolution of the ground glass opacification, but persistence of fibrotic features attributable to prior radiation therapy. We postulate that prior irradiation of the chest resulted in lung injury and fibrosis which, in turn, rendered the affected region of the lung susceptible to “stress failure,” due to an increase in the transcapillary pressure gradient arising from immersion and breath-hold diving. Patients with a history of lung injury resulting from chest irradiation should be cautioned about pulmonary hemorrhage and hemoptysis as a potential complication of swimming and breath-hold diving.     

增强现实技术与医药高等职业教育

增强现实技术作为新兴的技术在诸多领域有所应用,且逐渐受到关注。论文关注了增强现实（AR）技术在医药高等职业教育领域的应用前景,从的两者的契合度,AR技术可能的应用方向,存在的瓶颈和问题三个方面展望了AR技术给医药高等职业教育带来的机遇和问题。AR技术必将给医药高等职业教育发展与深化改革带来技术红利和技术保障。医药高等职业院校需积极转变思路、整合资源、培养开发人才,真正使得AR技术走进课堂。     

浸入式金属自显影技术检测游离锌离子在人脑外伤、急性脑缺血、癫痫后神经元中的异常聚集

目的 研究游离锌离子在脑外伤、急性脑缺血和癫痫患者神经元中的分布,为探讨锌离子是否参与上述疾病的神经元损伤提供形态学证据. 方法 于南京军区南京总医院神经外科手术台上直接采集3例脑缺血标本、3例癫痫标本、5例脑外伤标本和5例相对正常新鲜皮层标本,应用浸入式金属自显影方法检测标本中的锌离子分布,应用HE染色观察神经元形态学变化.结果 脑外伤、急性脑缺血和癫痫患者皮层神经元内聚集了大量的锌离子,阳性反应产物主要位于含锌神经元的胞体和轴突终末,胶质细胞中未见明显着色.在正常皮层未见阳性反应产物沉积.进一步的HE染色提示这些富含锌的神经元呈明显损伤样外观. 结论 锌离子可能在脑外伤、急性脑缺血和癫痫的神经元损伤中起重要作用,参与这些疾病的病理生理过程.     

The effect of low-frequency ultrasound on immersed pig lungs

Acoustic models suggest that high-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound (US) at 21–31 kHz, could cause damage to divers’ lungs. The purpose of the study was to investigate lung tissue changes secondary to water-borne low-frequency US produced by commonly used underwater acoustic beacons (pingers). Explanted pig lungs were immersed and exposed to four different modes of low-frequency US pinger transmission. In each trial, 5 pairs of lungs were exposed to sound and 5 pairs served as controls. One central and one peripheral section were taken from each lung and evaluated microscopically for location and extent of damage. When present, microhaemorrhages were primarily found in a patchy alveolar distribution, as well as in the septal and subpleural regions. Only rare focal microhaemorrhages could be found in the Control Group. The results demonstrate a potential hazard to the immersed lungs of large mammals on exposure to prolonged transmission by commercially available underwater pingers. The relevance of these findings to human exposure should be further evaluated.     

Effects of waterproof covering on hand immersion tests using water at 10°C, 12°C and 15°C for diagnosis of hand–arm vibration syndrome

Objectives: To compare effects of waterproof covering on finger skin temperature (FST) and subjective hand pain during immersion tests using cold water at 10°C, 12°C and 15°C. In the (Draft International Standard) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/DIS 14835-1), a water temperature of 12°C and use of water covering are proposed. Methods: Six healthy male subjects took part in the immersion tests and immersed both hands into water at 10°C, 12°C and 15°C for 5 min, repeatedly, with waterproof covering (polyethylene gloves) or without (bare hands). The FST data from middle fingers and subjective pain scores for hand pain were analyzed. Furthermore, the test with water at 12°C was repeated to assess the repeatability of the test. Results: The glove and water temperature factors for FST were significant at every minute from 1 min during immersion up to 2 min after recovery, showing higher values for waterproof covering than for bare hands and showing lowest values for water temperature of 10°C and highest for 15°C. The glove and water temperature factors for subjective pain score were significant at the 1-min and 2-min points during immersion, showing lower scores for waterproof covering than for bare hands and showing highest scores for water temperature of 10°C and lowest for 15°C. The results of the first and second tests using water of 12°C showed no systematic difference in FST and hand pain between the tests, with a few exceptions. Conclusions: Subjective pain during the cold immersion test with polyethylene gloves and water at 12°C can be reduced, while the differences in FST between water temperatures of 10°C and 12°C were small or not apparent at some points during immersion and recovery. The test also seems to be suitable for repeatability. Further investigation on hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) patients to validate the use of the immersion test with gloves to obtain sufficient data for diagnostic value is required.     

DDS在海水浸泡四肢软组织火器伤中的应用

目的：观察药物缓释体（DDS）在肢体软组织火器伤合并海水浸泡伤区的作用。方法：采用初速度600－800m/s,0.38g钢珠弹或0．05gDNP小型点爆源致伤兔股后区软组织，并置于人工或天然海水中浸泡1小时，随后在实验组伤道置入DDS1枚。于伤后6、12、24、36小时观察伤道大体变化，并分别切取骨骼肌组织进行抑菌实验、病理学检查和细菌培养。结果：DDS对常见病原体如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌有强而持续的抑菌作用。与对照组相比，实验组伤区污染菌数和炎细胞浸润数均明显减少，且未见脓液形成。结论：DDS是预防火器伤合并海水浸泡伤道细菌感染的一种有效措施；局部使用DDS后，可以将外科清创时间延迟至36小时，故适宜于海战中的救治工作。     

Surgical treatment for rabbits＇ femoral arteries subjected to gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion

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