An Evidence-Based Review of Total Body Irradiation

The purpose of this literature review is to investigate clinical treatment methods of total body irradiation within the context of a clinical department adopting a paediatric cohort with no existing technique. An extensive review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Clinicians Knowledge Network. Articles were limited to nonhelical tomotherapy, nonparticle therapies, and those using hyperfractionated regimes. Total marrow irradiation was excluded because of national treatment and trial limitations. Of the numerous patient positioning methods present within the literature, the most comfortable and reproducible positioning methods for total body irradiation include both supine and the supine and/or prone combination. These positions increased stability and patient comfort during treatment, while also facilitating computed tomography data acquisition at the simulation stage. Ideally, dose calculations should be performed using a three-dimensional treatment planning system and quality assurance procedures that include in vivo dosimetry measurements. The available literature also suggests inhomogeneity correction factors and intensity modulation are superior to conventional open field techniques and should be implemented within developing protocols. Dynamic machine dose modulation is suggested to reduce department impact, removing the need for tissue compensators and accessory shielding devices, while providing significant improvements to treatment time and dose accuracy. Further long-term survival and intensity modulation studies are warranted, including direct comparisons of both dose modulation and treatment efficiency.     

3DCRT技术治疗原发性肝癌的临床剂量学研究

目的探讨3DCRT技术治疗原发性肝癌的方法、处方剂量与疗效的关系。方法27例有随访结果的肝癌患者,对其肿瘤体积大小、位置、处方剂量及生存期作回顾性总结。结果治疗后肿瘤局部控制率为85.2%(23/27),1年生存率为70.4%(19/27),2年生存率为55.6%(15/27),3年生存率为33.3%(9/27)。所有病人无放射性肝炎等严重副反应发生。结论3DCRT技术治疗不宜手术的肝癌是一种无创而有效的治疗方法,可提高肝癌的局部控制率,不良反应轻微,病人生存质量得到提高。     

健血升白冲剂对小鼠造血功能的影响

目的：研究健血升白冲剂对小鼠血液系统的影响。方法：以骨髓细胞计数，白细胞计数和血象为指标，观察健血升白冲剂对正常小鼠和化学及放射损伤小鼠的影响。结果：健血升白冲剂明显增加正常小鼠白细胞计数（Ｐ＜００１），显著改善环磷酰胺诱导小鼠白细胞和骨髓细胞的减少作用（分别为Ｐ＜００５，Ｐ＜００１），并能显著增加６０Ｃｏ放射损伤小鼠骨髓细胞（Ｐ＜００１）和白细胞（Ｐ＜００１）。结论：健血升白冲剂对化学及放射损伤小鼠血液系统有明显的保护及改善作用。是一个有开发价值的药物。     

儿童原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

分析原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤１２例。８３％以腹块和腹痛为主要症状，体征中腹块占９１．５％，以恶性淋巴瘤居首位占６１％。全组完全切除率为５８％，行脏器联合切除占２５％。完全切除加放疗、化疗３年存活率为２８．５％，部分切除及活检未给其它治疗者５例预后差，均１年内死亡，差别显著。     

Periapical radiographic techniques during endodontic diagnosis and treatment

The objective of this article is to describe various radiographic projections which can be used during endodontic therapy. Changes to the angulation of the X-ray beam in relation to the teeth and film can help diagnosis and treatment by producing images which provide additional information not always visible on radiographs taken with standard angulations. For example, changes in angulation can be useful to determine the number and curvature of roots and canals, to identify superimposed roots and to distinguish between anatomical landmarks and apical pathology. Although use of such techniques increases the diagnostic yield of films, it must be appreciated that such views lead to images that are less distinct because of inherent image distortion. Nevertheless, use of the various techniques during endodontics can provide substantial benefit for clinicians in their daily practice.     

放射性肝纤维化过程的定量研究

经＾６０Ｃｏγ线照射大鼠肝区，通过光镜、电镜和图像分析仪、宣研究了照后１年肝脏的病理改变。结果表明，３０Ｇｙ组在照射后１年内逐渐发生了放射性肝纤维化病变。在肝纤维化发生过程中，肝细胞内糖原颗凿含量进行性减少，间质中胶原纤维含量进行性增加，网状纤维于照射１－３个月呈进行性增加。     

猕猴对不同极化方向微波辐射能量吸收的研究

为提供微波辐射安全标准必要的数据，研究了不同极化方向微波辐射能量对猕猴的影响。实验在医学微波无反射室中进行，分为电场，磁场和微波传输方向极化组，辐射频率１ＧＨｚ，用红外热图技术，对暴露在三种极化方向电磁场中猕猴面部各解剖特片部位及胸部在辐射前后进行温度变化的定量分析。     

E838等抗放药对放射损伤防治作用的比较

目的；比较研究E838，WR－2721，盐酸胱胺和炔雌醇等对放射损伤的防治作用及其相互之间的协同作用关系。方法：采用小鼠腹腔注射或灌胃的方法在致伤前或／和致伤后按常用量给药，观察30d存活率，死亡动物平活日和保护系数K的差异。结果：（1）致伤前预防给药，上述4种药物均明显提高了放射损伤的存活率，并延长了死亡动物的平均存活日，其中以E838和WR2721效果最佳；（2）致伤后给药则仅E838和茜草显示了治疗效果；（3）联合用药实验显示所研究的5种配伍用药方式均有较好的防治效果，但以WR2721（防）＋E838（治）效果最好。结论：E838和WR2721与其它抗放药相比具有较理想的辐射防护作用，且E838还有一定的治疗作用,两者合理配伍使用可发挥协同的作用效果。     

The Treatment of Low Grade Cerebral Astrocytomas by Radiotherapy in Queensland

The records of 108 adult patients with supratentorial low grade astrocytoma presenting between 1/1/80 and 31/12/87 were examined for the following factors which might affect survival: patient age, extent of surgical resection, site of tumour, tumour grade, radiation field size and radiation dose. Univariate analysis showed that patient age, field size and radiation dose were significant prognostic factors, but with multivariate analysis only patient age and radiation field size were significant independent variables. It is possible that field size is a proxy variable for tumour size.