Cross-reactive antigens and immunity to diseases caused by encapsulated bacteria.

Antigenic structures may be shared among naturally occurring polymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Cross-reactions between proteins are due to similarities in their overall shape rather than their individual amino acid components. Cross-reactions have been demonstrated among proteins with similar evolutionary development and structure, such as serum albumins or immunoglobulins. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. In contrast to proteins, antigenic specificities may be conferred by mono-, di-, and trisaccharides. Since there are about 150 known naturally occurring monosaccharides, it is not unexpected that cross-reactions are demonstrable between polysaccharides from widely divergent sources.     

The effect of cost containment on the practice of cardiology: predictions

When health care cost containment is tied to unit pricing, the system may become price-driven rather than care-driven. Although the incentives engendered by unit pricing may not necessarily result in practices detrimental to the young or the patient with relatively pure disease, the potential for adverse effects on the elderly, the poor and the chronically ill is real. Hospitals will soon emphasize quick turnover, efficiency and intensive care. Diagnostic evaluations and chronic disease care will be moved out of hospitals into physician owned-and-operated facilities and out-of-hospital settings, respectively. The health care system will fractionate, and quality control will require restructuring to achieve the present level of quality assurance. Cardiologists, as well as other physicians, will need to alter their teaching style and teaching locations. Better methods for predicting outcomes will need to be developed; we will no longer have the safety net of following a patient closely and altering management plans according to the patient's response. Cost containment may occur under diagnosis related groups, preferred provider organizations, health maintenance organizations and other prepaid or "capped" systems. There are, however, many issues relative to cost versus quality that need to be resolved if severe detrimental effects on care are to be avoided.     

医院院长必须要处理好的几个关系

文章阐述了院长必须处理好的几个关系:一是必须正确处理办院方向与贯彻党的方针政策的关系;二是必须正确处理与上级的关系;三是必须正确处理两个一把手的关系;四是必须正确处理与副职的关系;五是必须正确处理与科主任的关系;六是正确处理与员工的关系。     

如何当院长

本文从医院战略、机制运行、管理幅度、财务运营、市场营销、质量管理、医院文化等7个方面对我国医院院长的工作职能进行了思考和讨论，回答了在我国如何从事院长工作的基本课题。     

Japanese orthopaedic association cervical myelopathy evaluation questionnaire (JOACMEQ): Part 5. Determination of responsiveness

Background

In 1999, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association decided to develop a new Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ). The final version of the JOACMEQ, comprising 24 questions and five domains (cervical spine function (CF); upper extremity function (UF); lower extremity function (LF); bladder function (BF); and quality of life (QOL)), was established after three nationwide investigations. The fourth investigation, reported in this paper, was performed to confirm the responsiveness of the questionnaire.

科主任在民营医院管理中的地位和作用

本文论述了在医疗市场竞争条件下，民营精神病院科主任的地位、作用，以及如何协调好医院和病区的关系，如何做好病区医疗安全防范。协调好科室各类人员，做好增收节支，使一个科室能够在现有的医疗体制下高速并有效地运转。