Treatment of Urethral Stricture Disease by Internal Urethrotomy,Dilation, or Stenting

Management of urethral strictures depends on the characteristics of each individual case and remains a great challenge in reconstructive urology. Treatment of anterior urethral strictures usually starts with minimally invasive procedures, such as urethral dilatation or internal urethrotomy. The popularity of these methods is based on the simple application, the low complication rate, and the fact that most general urologists do not perform open urethroplasty. These methods offer faster recovery, minimal scarring, and fewer infections, although recurrence is always possible. Success depends on adequate vascularity within the underlying spongiosal tissue, which may substantially increase the failure rate. Because the recurrence rate has remained higher than it was in past decades, various modifications of urethral stricture treatment have been suggested, including laser urethrotomy and urethral stents. Since the late 1980s, two different approaches have been studied to prevent scaring contraction: permanent stent versus temporary stents left indwelling for a limited time and then removed. Although the first reports seemed to promise excellent outcomes, longer follow-up began to cast doubt on the usefulness of urethral stenting as a primary treatment modality for urethral stricture disease. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the published literature with respect to any new information on minimally invasive procedures in the treatment of urethral strictures.Patient summaryThe optimal indications for dilatation or internal urethrotomy are simple bulbar strictures <2 cm without spongiofibrosis or history of previous treatment. Recurrent urethral strictures after repeated interventions are usually more complex and can render the definite open urethral surgery more difficult.     

Percutaneous Papillary Large Balloon Dilation during Percutaneous Cholangioscopic Lithotripsy for the Treatment of Large Bile-Duct Stones: A Feasibility Study

When access to a major duodenal papilla or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has failed, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy (PTCS-L) may be useful for removing common bile duct (CBD) stones. However, the feasibility and usefulness of percutaneous transhepatic papillary large-balloon dilation (PPLBD) during PTCS-L for the removal of large CBD stones has not been established. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of PPLBD for the treatment of large CBD stones. Eleven patients with large CBD stones in whom the access to the major papilla or bile duct had failed were enrolled prospectively. Papillary dilation was performed using a large (12-20 mm) dilation balloon catheter via the percutaneous transhepatic route. Post-procedure adverse events and efficacy of the stone retrieval were measured. The initial success rate of PPLBD was 100%. No patient required a basket to remove a stone after PPLBD. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was required in 2 (18.2%) patients. The median time to complete stone removal after PPLBD was 17.8 min and no adverse events occurred after PPLBD. Asymptomatic hyperamylasemia was not encountered in any patients. This study indicates that PPLBD is safe and effective for removal of large CBD stones.

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替加色罗对大鼠结直肠扩张所致自主神经张力变化的影响

背景:结直肠扩张可影响自主神经系统的活动,而心率变异性(HRV)可反映自主神经系统的功能状态。目的:探讨结直肠扩张对自主神经功能的影响,以及替加色罗对自主神经功能的调节作用。方法:18只成年雄性大鼠随机分为药物组(腹腔注射替加色罗)和溶媒对照组,清醒状态下记录心电信号,通过HRV频域分析比较两组大鼠结直肠扩张前后交感神经张力[P1/(P1 P2)]和迷走神经张力[P2/(P1 P2)]的变化。结果:在溶媒对照组,与基础状态相比,结直肠扩张能显著提高P1/(P1 P2)(0.326±0.141对0.403±0.142,P<0.05),降低P2/(P1 P2)(0.674±0.141对0.597±0.142,P<0.05);腹腔注射替加色罗后,扩张期的P1/(P1 P2)和P2/(P1 P2)与基础状态相比无显著变化(0.293±0.130对0.275±0.103, P>0.05;0.706±0.130对0.724±0.103,P>0.05)。结论:结直肠扩张可显著提高交感神经张力,降低迷走神经张力。替加色罗对结直肠扩张所致的自主神经张力变化有抑制作用。     

肱动脉内皮功能与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管病患者肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张和非内皮依赖性血管舒张与颅内动脉狭窄的相关性。方法 将67例缺血性脑血管病患者根据有无颅内血管狭窄分为两组,颅内血管狭窄组和对照组。对两组患者一般资料及肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能、非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能进行对比分析,并进一步分析肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能、非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能与颅内血管狭窄数量的相关性。结果 颅内动脉狭窄组有50例,对照组有17例,年龄、肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能、非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能、高血压病、糖尿病、既往卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作史与颅内动脉硬化性狭窄相关,且肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能（rs-0.869,P0.000）与非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能 （rs－0.490,P0.000）分别与颅内血管狭窄的数量存在负相关关系。非条件Logistic回归分析得出肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张可作为评估颅内动脉硬化性狭窄的独立因素,以肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能值为2.95%时诊断颅内动脉硬化性狭窄的可能性最大。结论 颅内动脉硬化性狭窄患者存在肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能的降低,且肱动脉血流介导的血管扩张功能可能对颅内血管狭窄有一定的预测价值。     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠经不同手术方式处理的临床效果分析

目的 分析剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(CSP）经不同手术方式处理的临床效果,探讨CSP 适宜的治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2014 年1 月～2019 年12 月在九江市妇幼保健院手术治疗的362 例CSP 患者的临床资料,按不同手术方式分为三组：B 超引导下刮宫术121 例（A 组）、腹腔镜下或经阴道CSP 清除术+子宫下段缺陷修补术78 例（B 组）和宫腔镜下CSP 清除术163 例（C 组）。比较分析各组CSP 的术中出血量、术中并发症、手术成功率和术后胚物残留情况。结果 三组手术成功率和术后胚物残留组间两两比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,术中出血量B 组[（142.8±9.6）mL]＞A 组[（73.4±3.6）mL]＞C 组[（63.6±7.5）mL],组间两两比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,B 组术中并发症的发生（0/78）与A 组（10/121）比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Ⅱ型CSP 术中出血量A 组[（98.6±5.6）mL]＞B 组[（89.5±6.2）mL]＞C 组[（73.6±5.7）mL],组间两两比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Ⅲ型术中出血量、术中并发症和手术成功率三项指标B 组分别与A 组和C 组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 三种手术方式治疗CSP 具有安全、有效和微创的特点,但对不同类型CSP 安全和疗效存在较大差异,因此治疗前应准确评估患者病情和CSP 分型,采用适宜手术方式,达到减少出血和提高治愈率的目的。     

Surgery for bronchiectasis

The incidence of bronchiectasis has declined significantly in industrialized countries and its management has also changed because of the progress of antibiotic therapy. However, for some patients, medical treatment is not sufficient to control the disease and the quality of life is affected. Surgical treatment is then a very good alternative, when a gesture of complete resection of the affected areas is feasible in terms of lung function and it allows, with a low morbidity and mortality, for very satisfactory long-term results and slows down the progression of the disease. In cases of diffuse and inhomogeneous bronchiectasis, a gesture of incomplete resection of cystic, non-perfused and suppurative areas improves symptoms and reduces recurrent infections. When the bronchiectasis is diffuse, but homogeneous, associated with severe respiratory failure, lung transplantation should be considered. Therefore, surgery remains important in the management of bronchiectasis. Its indications and the lung resection gesture to achieve should be discussed based on the symptoms, imaging examinations and the lung function of the patient.     

Dilatations géantes des espaces de Virchow-Robin symptomatiques

Introduction

Perivascular spaces, known as Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS), may become massively enlarged but are usually an incidental finding. However, a few reports on patients with unusually large VRS have mentioned association with neurological symptoms. We report a series of three symptomatic patients with extremely wide Virchow-Robin spaces documented on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the medical records and brain MRI of three symptomatic patients, who had been diagnosed with VRS widening.

Case reports

In all three patients, the unusual widening of the VRS was located within the subcortical white matter with asymmetric distribution. Their neurological symptoms were epilepsy and neurological deficits which correlated well with the lesions seen on the MRI. Two patients had associated white matter hyperintensities: in the first case associated gliosis and in the second case, with vascular leukoencephalopathy.

Conclusions

Enlarged symptomatic VRS are rare. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain. We report three cases with symptomatic giant dilatation of the Virchow-Robin spaces.     

球囊扩张成形术处理透析用动静脉内瘘狭窄性病变及短中期结果

目的:探讨球囊扩张成形技术在治疗血液透析用动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年5月—2015年12月间采用球囊扩张成形技术治疗的31例血液透析用AVF狭窄性病变患者的临床资料。结果:31例患者中,男18例,女13例;桡动脉-头静脉内瘘27例,桡动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例,尺动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例;均接受球囊扩张技术治疗。28例(90.3%)获得技术上的成功,围手术期无患者死亡。1例患者术后出现动脉穿刺处假性动脉瘤,1例患者术后出现AVF血栓形成,1例患者出现前臂皮下血肿,其他所有患者AVF恢复通畅并能够以正常流量进行血液透析治疗。术后随访3~12个月,3、6、12个月初次通畅率分别为92.9%,75.0%,50.0%。结论:球囊扩张成形术处理AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,但其中长期疗效仍有待于进一步改善。     

宫腔镜联合超声检查诊治妊娠终止后不完全流产疗效分析

目的探讨宫腔镜联合超声检查对妊娠终止后不完全流产的诊断和临床治疗效果。方法随机选取2011年3月至2012年6月单纯B超检查及宫腔镜联合B超检查辅助治疗不完全流产患者50例,分别设为对照组和联合组各25例,评估术前诊断率、术中出血和手术时间及术后并发症发生情况。结果联合组患者手术时间[（16.3±6.7）min]、术中出血量[（12.3±15.6）mL]和术后感染率[4.0%（1/25）]均明显少于对照组[（23.3±9.5）min、（51.3±22.7）mL、20.0%（5/25）];同时,联合组术前诊断率[100.0%（25/25）]明显高于对照组[72.0%（18/25）],术后并发症发生率[8.0%（2/25）]明显低于对照组[48.0%（12/25）],差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论宫腔镜联合超声检查能显著提高不完全流产的诊断准确率和手术安全性,值得临床进一步推广。