PICC与CVC在恶性肿瘤患者治疗中的应用比较

目的探讨PICC与cVc在恶性肿瘤患者治疗中的对比。方法总结238例PICC置管及141例CVC置管患者的临床资料，分析比较PICC与CVC置管在其治疗中的优越性。结果PICC保留时间明显比CVC时间长，PICC反复穿刺置管的几率明显低于CVC，CVC的导管脱出率明显高于PICC组，计划拔管率PICC组高于CVC组。结论CVC置管位置在颈部或腹股沟处，对日常生活影响较大，不宜长时间保留，如采用CVC置管进行化疗，要完成全部疗程需反复多次置管，不仅会增加患者机体上的疼痛和穿刺时的风险，而且会给患者和穿刺操作者造成心理上的压力，甚至患者因此而放弃治疗，不能坚持完成全部疗程。PICC具有更大的优越性，为恶性肿瘤患者的治疗提供了一条安全、简便的输液途径，减轻了患者的痛苦，提高了患者的生活质量。     

A Better Landmark for Positioning a Central Venous Catheter

Background.Improper positioning of central venous catheters (CVCs) can lead to erosion through the superior vena cava (SVC) or right atrium (RA) and pericardial tamponade. It is widely recommended that the tip of CVCs be placed above the heart or the pericardial reflection. The purpose of this study was to identify an easily recognized landmark to allow identification of the proximal extent of the pericardial reflection on a routine chest radiograph (CXR). Methods.We analyzed the computerized tomograms of the chest from 97 adults to evaluate the relationship between the pericardial reflection, SVC, carina, and right mainstem bronchus. Correlations between demographic data and length of SVC or pericardial reflection were sought. Results.The mean length of the SVC was 6.5 cm. The pericardial reflection covered an average of 3.6 cm of the distal SVC. The carina was a mean of 1.3 cm below the mid-point of the SVC and 0.7 cm below the pericardial reflection. There was no significant correlation between SVC or pericardial length and either age, height, or weight. Conclusions.The distal half of the SVC lies within the pericardial reflection, and the upper limit of the pericardial reflection is slightly above the level of the carina. These landmarks are useful for determining proper position of the tip of a CVC on CXR.     

Mortality and risk factor analysis for Candida blood stream infection: A multicenter study

Candida blood stream infection (candidemia) is severe systemic infection mainly develops after intensive medical cares. The mortality of candidemia is affected by the underlying conditions, causative agents and the initial management. We retrospectively analyzed mortality-related risk factors in cases of candidemia between April 2011 and March 2016 in five regional hospitals in Japan. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors including causative Candida species, patients' predisposing conditions, and treatment strategies, such as empirically selected antifungal drug and time to appropriate antifungal treatment, to elucidate their effects on 30-day mortality. The study enrolled 289 cases of candidemia in adults. Overall 30-day mortality was 27.7%. Forty-nine cases (17.0%) were community-acquired. Bivariate analysis found advanced age, high Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and prior antibiotics use as risk factors for high mortality; however community-acquired candidemia, C. parapsilosis candidemia, obtaining follow-up blood culture, and empiric treatment with fluconazole were associated with low mortality. Logistic regression revealed age ≥65 years (adjusted odds ratio, 2.13) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ≥6 (6.30) as risk factors for 30-day mortality. In contrast, obtaining follow-up blood culture (0.38) and empiric treatment with fluconazole (0.32) were found to be protective factors. The cases with candidemia in associated with advanced age and poor general health conditions should be closely monitored. Obtaining follow-up blood culture contributed to an improved prognosis.     

恶性肿瘤化疗中CVC与PICC应用的临床观察

目的：比较颈内静脉置管（CVC）和经外周静脉置入中心静脉置管（PICC）在肿瘤患者中化学治疗的应用范围及利弊。方法：60例颈内静脉置管（A组）：首次化疗、第2次化疗、第3次化疗者各20例。外周静脉置入中心静脉置管（PICC）60例（B组）：其中,首次化疗、第2次化疗、第3次化疗各占20例。结果：A组静脉炎2例（3．3％）,B组静脉炎12例（20％）。两组静脉炎发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。A组液体流速560ml／h,B组液体流速300ml／h（P〈0．01）。PICC导管的价格是颈内导管的3～5倍。结论：尽管颈内静脉置管较PICC管并发症多,但能达到临床所需的速度,价格患者宜接受。留置CVC或PICC需慎重选择适应证。     

The Academic Medical System: Reinvention to Survive the Revolution in Health Care

Academic medical centers (AMCs) are presently facing enormous challenges arising from a prospective decline in government funding for research and education, shifting payment models emphasizing efficiency and value, and increasing competition. Left unabated, these challenges will drive many AMCs to de-emphasize or forsake their core missions in an effort to survive. Stemming from a symposium held at the 2015 Scientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology titled, “The Academic Medical Center of the Future,” we propose a series of changes, including internal restructuring, system-wide partnership, and novel approaches to support research and education, that are designed to better position AMCs to compete and face their growing challenges in a manner that preserves their essential missions. In aggregate, these changes will facilitate establishing the academic medical system of the future.     

中心静脉导管相关性真菌败血症的临床分析

目的探讨真菌性中心静脉导管(CVC)相关性败血症(CRS)的临床特点、发病机制与防治措施。方法回顾性分析34例真菌性CRS患者的基础疾病、易患因素、导管真菌培养结果、治疗措施。结果所有患者均在严重基础疾病和应用广谱抗生素的基础上发病,CVC留置时间≥7d,4例患者两次留置CVC。分离得到38株真菌,白色念珠菌占68·4%(26/38)。6例患者拔管36h后体温降至正常;另28例患者静脉给予氟康唑,其中11例换用或加用两性霉素B。8例(23·5%,8/34)患者继发多器官功能衰竭而死亡。结论减少发病诱因,及早确诊是防治真菌性CRS的关键。     

Central venous catheter sepsis in surgical newborns

We examined central venous catheter (CVC) sepsis in newborn surgical patients, as this group appeared to have a higher incidence of this complication. During a 3-year period 79 patients on the surgical service required a tunneled, cuffed, Broviac CVC. Nineteen patients (24% or 9.9 episodes per 1000 catheter days) had proven sepsis and 8 (10% or 1.9/1000 catheter days) had suspected sepsis. An intestinal stoma was definitely related to CVC sepsis (p<0.001). Other risk factors included lower gestational age, more operations, and younger age at first stoma. Temperature, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count did not correlate with CVC sepsis. We found no better indicator of CVC sepsis than the presentation of an ill child. Certainly temperature, WBC, and platelet count are not reliable indicators. Surgeons have little control over the factors that were found to be related to CVC sepsis. It would appear reasonable from these results to maintain a high index of suspicion in the high-risk groups, to use peripherally inserted central catheters (PIC lines) as the first line of long-term vascular access, and to bring CVCs out of a nonabdominal site, perhaps the scalp, in patients with stomas.     

经PICC导管与经CVC测量中心静脉压的对比研究

目的探讨经PICC导管与经CVC测量CVP是否有明显差别。方法随机选取我科乳腺癌根治术后初次置管化疗患者68例,分别通过PICC导管与CVC测得CVP值,并对2种方法测得的中心静脉压值进行比较。结果2种方法测量所得的中心静脉压无显著差异（P=0．211）。结论经PICC导管测量中心静脉压不会影响测量结果,可以推广应用。