Beverage choice among native american and african american urban women

BACKGROUND: Little is known about beverage preference, especially among understudied urban minority populations. Also, most studies do not differentiate between beer and malt liquor or among wine, wine coolers, and fortified wine. This article examines whether ethnicity or drinking frequency are associated with beverage choice, considering six types of alcoholic beverages: beer, wine, spirits, malt liquor, fortified wine, and wine coolers. METHODS: Data were analyzed from Native American (n = 70) and African American (n = 129) urban pregnant women who reported drinking in the 12 months before an index pregnancy. A small comparison group of white women (n = 22) was included. Women were queried about their consumption of each of six beverage types during the 12 months before pregnancy. RESULTS: The alcoholic beverage most often used, adjusted for other beverages consumed, was beer, followed in order by spirits, wine coolers, malt liquor, wine, and fortified wine. The Native American women preferred beer, which accounted for one third of total intake. In contrast, malt liquor and spirits each accounted for approximately a quarter of intake among African Americans. Compared with other drinkers, women who drank daily were significantly more likely to choose the beer and wine products with a higher alcohol content. In general, these bivariate results were borne out by multivariate analyses that controlled for age, marital status, and education. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that when accuracy is desired, alcohol studies focusing on urban African American samples (and, to a lesser degree, Native American respondents) should consider not just beer, wine, and spirits consumption, but also stronger beer products, such as malt liquor; stronger wine products, such as fortified wine; and sweeter products, such as wine coolers.     

Alcohol intake and diet in France, the prominent role of lifestyle.

AIM: Moderate alcohol intake is related to a decrease of coronary heart disease. This protective effect may be attributed to ethanol but may also depend on the type of alcoholic beverages. However, these differences may be confounded by lifestyle and diet. We investigated the relationships between alcohol consumption, beverage type preference and socio-economic status, diet and lifestyle. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cross-sectional survey on cardiovascular risk factors and nutrition was carried out from 1995 to 1997 by the French MONICA Centres. A sample of 1110 middle-aged men (45-64 years) was randomly recruited; 12.8% of men were abstainers and 16.3% reported a consumption of #10878;60 g/d alcohol. Smoking, waist-to-hip ratio and hypertension increased along with the amount of alcohol intake. Physical activity (from 40.9% in abstainers to 23.8% in heavy drinkers, p=0.0025), educational level (from 11.9+/-4.4 to 11.1+/-3.8 years, p=0.01), socio-economic status and diet quality index (from 7.1+/-2.3 to 6.3+/-2.0, p<0.0001 after multivariate adjustment) decreased along with the increase of alcohol consumption and were higher among wine drinkers than among beer or mixed drinkers. Diet quality index was 7.1+/-1.9, 6.4+/-1.8 and 6.6+/-1.9 among wine, beer and mixed drinkers, respectively (p=0.007 after multivariate adjustment). CONCLUSION: Moderate alcohol drinkers or wine drinkers have healthy diet and behaviours compared to other drinkers or abstainers. The living area plays a significant role in the dieting behaviours.     

A magnetic ion-imprinted polymer for lead(II) determination: A study on the adsorption of lead(II) by beverages

In this work a variety of beverage samples had been kept in a contaminated area to investigate their lead adsorption. To determine the adsorbed Pb(II), a novel magnetic lead ion-imprinted polymer, grafted onto Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, was synthesized and used as a selective sorbent for the preconcentration of Pb(II) ions. The sorbent was characterized by different techniques. The synthesized sorbent was applied for highly accurate and selective determination of Pb(II) ions absorbed from polluted air in several beverages and results were compared. To validate the method, three certified reference materials were analyzed by the proposed method and the results showed that pre-concentrating by this sorbent and subsequent determination by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy is an accurate method for lead determination in beverage samples (recoveries higher than 95%). The limits of detection and the relative standard deviations were less than 1.7 μg kg⁻¹ and 4.1%, respectively. The sorption capacity of this new sorbent was 51.8 mg g⁻¹. Finally, this method was used for the determination of Pb(II) ions in polluted beverage samples, and the results revealed that under equal conditions, coffee exhibits more tendency to adsorb Pb(II) ions.     

饮料中邻苯二甲酸酯的分散式液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定法

目的建立饮料中3种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分散式液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定法。方法以甲醇为分散剂,以四氯乙烯为萃取剂,饮料样品中PAEs经分散式液液微萃取(DLLME)富集,采用HITACHI-C18色谱柱,乙腈和水梯度洗脱分离后在203 nm检测。结果邻苯二甲酸丁卞酯(BBP)的线性范围为0.500~400.0 ng/ml(r=0.999 8),邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)的线性范围均为0.250~200.0 ng/ml(r=0.999 3),检出限均为0.05 ng/ml,回收率为85.3%~103.3%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~5.6%。结论该方法灵敏度、准确度高,适用于饮料样品中PAEs的检测。     

紫外衍生-高效液相色谱法测定保健食品和饮料中的三氯蔗糖

目的 建立保健食品和饮料中三氯蔗糖的柱前紫外衍生-高效液相色谱测定方法。方法 样品经水浸提、离心后,取样液与苯甲酰氯在碱性介质中反应生成具有紫外吸收的衍生产物,然后用高效液相色谱法分析。色谱条件:分离柱为C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,4 μm),流动相为甲醇-水( 95∶5,V/V),检测波长为232 nm。以保留时间定性,标准曲线法定量。 结果 三氯蔗糖在0.05～1.00 μg范围内,与色谱峰面积有良好的线性关系（r=0.999 8）,方法检出限为0.001 25 μg。方法加标回收率为97.4%～102.0%,相对标准差均小于5.0%,方法的日内精密度和日间精密度分别为1.52%和4.04%。结论 该方法简便快速、分离效果好,准确度高,不需要特殊检测器,适用于保健食品和饮料中三氯蔗糖的快速测定。     

Food avoidances at puberty and menstruation in Tamilnad

One thousand and two hundred women of 54 castes and 55 tribal women in Tamilnad (South India) were interviewed during a period of six months on food avoidances during puberty and subsequent menstruation.

Avoidances referred to different types of food, but the most significant were those of animal origin. This practice could be explained by the concept of purity and pollution. Even non‐vegetarians held animal foods to be impure and, as women during menstruation are considered impure also, they should abstain from consuming them to prevent the pollution increasing.

Eggs, though coming under the impure category, were nevertheless eaten at puberty, because of their reputed “strengthening” effect on the girl's body for future pregnancies.

Avoidances during ordinary menstruation were much rarer than at puberty indicating a decreased concern with habituation.     

健脾理肠饮治疗慢性溃疡性结肠炎35例

设中药健脾理肠饮治疗组35例,西药治疗对照组30例,均用药8周。结果：治疗组总有效率82.9%;对照组总有效率66.6%。治疗组的疗效优于对照组。提示健脾理肠饮治疗慢性溃疡性结肠为有一定的疗效。     

Responsible alcohol service: lessons from evaluations of server training and policing initiatives

Responsible alcohol service programmes have evolved in many countries alongside a general increase in the availability of alcohol and a greater focus on the prevention of alcohol-related road crashes. They also recognize the reality that a great deal of high-risk drinking and preventable harm occurs in and around licensed premises or as drinkers make their way home. Early US efficacy studies of programmes which trained managers and barstaff to limit customers' levels of intoxication and prevent drink driving showed promise. Studies of effectiveness of these programmes in the wider community, and in the absence of the enforcement of liquor laws, found little benefit. The data will be interpreted as suggesting that, in reality, skills deficits in the serving of alcohol are not a significant problem compared with the motivational issue for a commercial operation of abiding by laws that are rarely enforced and which are perceived as risking the goodwill of their best customers. Australian, UK and US experiences with liquor law enforcement by police will be discussed along with outcomes from the Australian invention of Alcohol Accords, informal agreements between police, licensees and local councils to trade responsibly. It will be concluded that the major task involved in lifting standards of service and preventing harm is to institutionalize legal and regulatory procedures which impact most on licensed premises. A number of strategies are suggested also for creating a political and social climate which supports the responsible service of alcohol and thereby supports the enactment and enforcement of appropriate liquor laws.