重组人骨形态发生蛋白4基因腺相关病毒载体对兔骨髓基质干细胞生物学行为的影响

目的应用重组人骨形态发生蛋白4基因腺相关病毒载体(AAV-hBMP4)转染兔骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs),观察其对BMSCs生物学行为的影响,从而为骨组织工程寻找理想的病毒载体及种子细胞。方法全骨髓法培养兔BMSCs,按感染复数(MOI)值不同设定为四组,分别转染兔BMSCs,观察病毒量对细胞形态的影响。选取影响最小的MOI值,进行后续实验。转染兔BMSCs,MTT法描记细胞生长曲线,观察AAV对细胞增殖活性的影响。以重组增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因的腺相关病毒载体(AAV-EGFP)为参照,行流式细胞仪检测,计算转染效率。AAV-hBMP4与对照病毒AAV-EGFP分别转染细胞,观察细胞形态,行碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色、Von Kossa染色及ALP含量测定,观察成骨活性。兔肌袋实验观察异位成骨情况。结果MOI值为5×10~4 vg/cell时,AAV对细胞形态影响最小,以此值进行后续实验。AAV转染后,细胞增殖活性良好,转染效率为55％～65％。AAV-hBMP4转染后,细胞形态呈现典型的成骨改变,ALP染色及Von Kossa染色均出现成骨的特征性改变,而AAV-EGFP组无上述改变。细胞上清ALP含量测定显示,实验组ALP含量显著增高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(t=218．65,P＜0．01)。兔肌袋实验术后4周组织学检测可见大量钙盐沉积,矿化结节形成。结论AAV-hBMP4转染效率高,对BMSCs的增殖活性影响小,AAV-hBMP4转染的BMSCs可望成为组织工程化骨的理想种子细胞。     

Antibody reactivity to a synthetic peptide (P62) of the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen in sera of patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measured IgG antiboody titers againt a synthetic peptide whose sequence was derived from the glycine-alanine repeating region of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear associated antigen 1 (EBNA-1). Antibody titers were determined in sera from 15 normal subjects, sera from 21 normal male siblings of X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) patients, from 20 XLP patients comprising a total of 42 samples, and ten samples before and ten samples after gamma-globulin therapy in ten patients with XLP. Data analysis demonstrated that while there are differences between the ELISA and ACIF, they appear to measure a similar response as demonstrated by their correlation coefficient (0.77) and the GMT to EBNA observed by both methods. No cross-reactivity of cytomegalovirus antibodies to the EBNA-1 peptide was observed by immunobv using adsorption against AD-169 infected MRC-5 cells.. However, non-specific binding was observed if samples were not pre-incubated in a 10% goat serum PBS-Tween 20 solution. This pre-treatment removed the non-specific binding that falsely elevated GMT in approximately 15% of both normal and XLP samples in ELISA. The ELISA system appears to be a sensitive, reproducible and objective test that may be useful for assessing the antibody responses of patients to the EBNA-1 protein.     

肿瘤血管抑制肽alphastatin重组腺伴随病毒的制备

目的构建并产生肿瘤血管抑制肽alphastatin(Al)重组腺伴随病毒(rAAV)载体。方法将目的基因alphastatin插入载体质粒pSSHG-巨细胞病毒(CMV)的EcoRI和BamHI位点,构建重组质粒pSSHG-CMV/NT4-Al。用腺病毒辅助质粒pFG140代替野生型腺病毒,包装质粒pAAV/Ad及已构建的重组腺伴随病毒载体质粒,使用三质粒共转染法转染293细胞,包装得到腺伴随病毒(AAV)-Al。采用氯仿抽提、聚乙二醇沉淀回收纯化,斑点杂交方法测定重组病毒滴度。结果重组病毒rAAV-Al滴度约为2×1012颗粒/ml。结论成功制备了重组病毒rAAV-Al,提供了一种生产足量安全的rAAV-Al简单易行的方法,为肿瘤的基因治疗实验奠定了基础。     

Characterization of a nuclear localization signal in the C-terminus of the adeno-associated virus Rep68/78 proteins

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) replicates in the nucleus of infected cells, and therefore multiple nuclear import events are required for productive infection. We analyzed nuclear import of the viral Rep proteins and characterized a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the C-terminus. We demonstrate that basic residues in this region constitute an NLS that is transferable and mediates interaction with the nuclear import receptor importin alpha in vitro. Mutant Rep proteins are predominantly cytoplasmic and are severely compromised for interactions with importin alpha, but retain their enzymatic functions in vitro. Interestingly, mutations of the NLS had significantly less effect on importin alpha interaction and replication in the context of Rep78 than when incorporated into the Rep68 protein. Together, our results demonstrate that a bipartite NLS exists in the shared part of Rep68 and Rep78, and suggest that an alternate entry mechanism may also contribute to nuclear localization of the Rep78 protein.     

Gene therapy in inherited retinal degenerative diseases,a review

Hereditary diseases of the retina represent a group of diseases with several heterogeneous mutations that have the common end result of progressive photoreceptor death leading to blindness. Retinal degenerations encompass multifactorial diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, Leber congenital amaurosis, Stargardt disease, and retinitis pigmentosa. Although there is currently no cure for degenerative retinal diseases, ophthalmology has been at the forefront of the development of gene therapy, which offers hope for the treatment of these conditions. This article will explore an overview of the clinical trials of gene supplementation therapy for retinal diseases that are underway or planned for the near future.     

Gene therapy of the central nervous system: General considerations on viral vectors for gene transfer into the brain

The last decade has nourished strong doubts on the beneficial prospects of gene therapy for curing fatal diseases. However, this climate of reservation is currently being transcended by the publication of several successful clinical protocols, restoring confidence in the appropriateness of therapeutic gene transfer. A strong sign of this present enthusiasm for gene therapy by clinicians and industrials is the market approval of the therapeutic viral vector Glybera, the first commercial product in Europe of this class of drug. This new field of medicine is particularly attractive when considering therapies for a number of neurological disorders, most of which are desperately waiting for a satisfactory treatment. The central nervous system is indeed a very compliant organ where gene transfer can be stable and successful if provided through an appropriate strategy. The purpose of this review is to present the characteristics of the most efficient virus-derived vectors used by researchers and clinicians to genetically modify particular cell types or whole regions of the brain. In addition, we discuss major issues regarding side effects, such as genotoxicity and immune response associated to the use of these vectors.     

Separation of adeno-associated virus type 2 empty particles from genome containing vectors by anion-exchange column chromatography

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) empty capsids typically co-purify with genome containing AAV2 vectors purified by column chromatography. This study describes a method to remove empty capsids from genome containing vector particles by anion exchange chromatography. The separation is based on the slightly less anionic character of empty particles compared to vectors. Detailed methods to achieve AAV2 vector purification and particle separation using cation exchange resin POROS 50HS followed by anion exchange resin Q-Sepharose^xl are described. Chromatographic separation of AAV2 particles was achieved using gradients based on sodium acetate and ammonium acetate, and was optimal at pH 8.5. Efficient removal of particle surface nucleic acid impurities was found to be important to achieve good particle separation. In a large scale experiment performed using partially purified vector containing a mixture of 1.56 × 10¹⁴ vg and 2.52 × 10¹⁵ empty capsids as a starting material, the optimized anion exchange chromatography method resulted in a vector peak of 1.15 × 10¹⁴ vg containing 0.25 × 10¹⁴ empty capsids, corresponding to 74% vector yield and 86-fold reduction in empty capsids in the vector product.     

重组9型腺相关病毒载体转染小鼠心脏及对心功能的影响

目的 探讨重组9型腺相关病毒(recombinant adeno-associated serotype 9,rAAV9)载体对小鼠心脏的转染效果及对心功能的影响.方法 16只昆明种小鼠经尾静脉将携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein,eGFP)报告基因的rAAV9(rAAV9-eGFP)转染入小鼠,于7、14、21、28 d留取标本,使用荧光显微镜观察eGFP在心肌、肝、肺、肾、脑、骨骼肌的荧光表达,Western blot法检测eGFP)的蛋白表达.另20只昆明种小鼠随机分为2组,每组10只,分别经尾静脉注射rAAV9-eGFP)和生理盐水,28 d后行心脏超声及血流动力学检查.结果 rAAV9-eGFP经尾静脉注射21 d时eGFP表达在心脏达到高峰,转染效率可达32%,在其他脏器表达量少或无表达.rAAV9-eGFP组较生理盐水组心功能差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 rAAV9可通过外周静脉注射在心脏较高表达,且对心功能无不良影响.     

腺相关病毒介导的血管内皮生长因子基因与内皮祖细胞联合治疗肢体缺血

目的探讨腺相关病毒(AAV)介导的人血管内皮生长因子165(hVEGF165)基因转染的兔骨髓内皮祖细胞(EPCs)自体移植对于移植细胞存活率和缺血肢体血管再生的影响。方法构建、制备携带hVEGF165基因或β-半乳糖苷酶(β-gal)基因的AAV载体AAV-hVEGF165和AAV- LacZ;用AAV—hVEGF165和AAV-LacZ分别转染体外培养的EPCs,得到AAV/VEGF-EPC和AAV/LacZ-EPC,用RT-PCR、免疫细胞化学、流式细胞术检测外源基因的表达。分别用AAV/VEGF-EPC、AAV/LacZ-EPC和PBS自体移植于兔右下肢缺血的肌组织,28 d后行双侧肢体血流和免疫组织化学检测。结果AAV/VEGF—EPC和AAV/LacZ-EPC内可检测到外源基因的表达。AAV/VEGF—EPC、AAV/LacZ-EPC和PBS组患/健侧血流比值、毛细血管密度分别为0.73±0.21、0.64±0.13、0.45±0.10;(962±291)、(557±132)、(361±69)/mm2。AAV/VEGF-EPC和AAV/LacZ-EPC组移植成活的EPCs密度分别为(330±81)/mm2和(204±55)/mm2。结论AAV能够高效将外源基因转入EPCs,对其进行基因修饰。自体移植AAV-hVEGF165转染的EPCs可提高其移植存活率和增强其促进缺血肢体血管再生能力。     

重组腺相关病毒2型载体-血管内皮生长因子165改善小型猪慢性心肌缺血的研究

目的应用重组腺相关病毒2型载体(recombinant adenovirus-associated virus2,rAAV2)介导血管内皮生长因子165(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF165)基因转染,观察其促进小型猪慢性缺血心肌血管生成并改善心肌血流灌注和心功能的有效性。方法小型猪左冠状动脉回旋支(LCX)放置血管缩窄环,建立慢性心肌缺血模型。5周后行心电图、冠状动脉造影和心脏核磁共振成像检查确认LCX闭塞或相应心肌的缺血。动物随机分为实验组和对照组,每组8只,分别在心肌内直接注射rAAV2-VEGF165(1×1012virus genome)或磷酸盐缓冲液。治疗后3个月和6个月,观察心肌VEGF mRNA和蛋白的表达;6个月后,观察心肌毛细血管和小动脉密度,行冠状动脉造影进行LCX血流分级,应用心脏核磁共振成像观察心肌灌注及左心室功能。结果放置血管缩窄环后5周,所有动物均出现LCX完全/次全闭塞或LCX支配区域的心肌缺血。基因治疗后3个月,实验组心肌VEGF mRNA和蛋白表达显著高于对照组;6个月时,实验组VEGF表达水平较3个月时下降。基因治疗后6个月,VEGF组心肌毛细血管密度和小动脉密度[分别为(1404.06±250.48)/mm2和(167.81±36.29)/mm2]均高于对照组[分别为(976.88±344.79)/mm2和(116.56±34.48)/mm2](P<0.05);潘生丁负荷后心肌灌注成像显示VEGF组心肌灌注明显优于对照组(P<0.05),且较治疗前有改善(P<0.05);两组左心室功能在治疗前后均无明显变化。结论在小型猪慢性心肌缺血模型中,心肌内注射rAAV2-VEGF165后外源VEGF基因的表达至少可持续3个月;rAAV2-VEGF165能够促进缺血心肌毛细血管和小动脉生成并改善心肌灌注。