脑动静脉畸形的供应动脉及导出静脉与出血危险性的关系

本文通过分析５０例脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）的全脑数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）资料及手术探查结果，探讨ＡＶＭ的深、浅及供血、引流血管数量与出血发生率的关系。经统计比较发现：深部较浅部ＡＶＭ出血率高；供应动脉条数多于导出静脉条数者及仅有单条导出静脉出血率最高，并与其他组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５、Ｐ＜０．０１）。因此，我们认为：在临床工作中对这些ＡＶＭ患者应给予足够的重视。     

微导管真丝线段血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形（附7例报告）

应用国产真丝线段行血管内栓塞治疗７例脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）。结果：１例术中畸形血管破裂出血死亡，１例出现半身麻木，肢体轻瘫，经治疗短期内恢复。余病例症状明显缓解或消失。此栓塞材料为永久性，较安全，效果好，并发症少。     

A case of delayed cyst formation post brain AVM stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformation: Case report

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a rare cause of cerebrovascular abnormality with incidence of about 1 in 100,000 people per year and point prevalence of about 0.2%. AVMs are associated with serious complications such as intracranial haemorrhage (2–4% a year, 16% and 29% at 10 and 20 years after diagnosis), seizures (10–30%), focal neurologic deficits, and headaches. The management options are surveillance, endovascular embolization, microsurgical excision and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).In SRS Stereotactically focused high energy beams of photons induce progressive thrombosis by fibro-intimal hyperplasia and subsequent luminal obliteration. These changes usually take one to three years known as “latency period”. Complications are reported in 8% of patients undergoing SRS, including radiographic parenchymal lesions, cranial nerve deficits, seizures, headaches, and cyst formation.Cyst formation is reported in about 1.2 % of patients undergoing SRS. While the exact mechanism of post SRS cyst formation is unclear, it is hypothesized that it might be due to damage to the blood brain barrier and increased vessel wall permeability. Delayed cyst formation is reported with latency period between 3 and 10 years after radiotherapy for treatment of cerebrovascular AVMs. However, cystic formation with longer latency periods (in one case upto 17 years) after radiotherapy for other causes such as nasopharyngeal cancers have been reported.Here we report a case of delayed cyst formation after SRS for cerebrovascular AVM with latency period of 20 years.     

Arteriovenous malformation of the pancreas associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

Summary A case of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with hepatocellular carcinoma is reported. The patient, a 56-year-old Japanese man, was asymptomatic. The pancreatic lesion was found incidentally during an evaluation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Celiac arteriogram demonstrated tortuous feeding arteries, a racemose intrapancreatic stain, which disappeared before the venous phase, and early portal filling.     

Role of Embolization for Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are complex high-flow lesions that can result in devastating neurological injury when they hemorrhage. Embolization is a critical component in the management of many patients with cerebral AVMs. Embolization may be used as an independent curative therapy or more commonly in an adjuvant fashion prior to either micro- or radiosurgery. Although the treatment-related morbidity and mortality for AVMs—including that due to microsurgery, embolization, and radiosurgery—can be substantial, its natural history offers little solace. Fortunately, care by a multidisciplinary team experienced in the comprehensive management of AVMs can offer excellent results in most cases.     

Long-term plasticity in adult somatosensory cortex: functional reorganization after surgical removal of an arteriovenous malformation

The temporal scale of neuroplasticity following acute alterations in brain structure due to neurosurgical intervention is still under debate. We conducted a longitudinal study with the objective of investigating the postoperative changes in a patient who underwent cerebrovascular surgery and who subsequently lost proprioception in the fingers of her right hand. The results show increased activation in contralesional somatosensory areas, additional recruitment of premotor and posterior parietal areas, and changes in functional connectivity with left postcentral gyrus. These findings demonstrate long-term modifications of cortical organization and as such have important implications for treatment strategies for patients with brain injury.     

Cerebrovascular neurosurgery in 2012

Considerable advances in our understanding of the natural history and treatment of cerebrovascular disease were made in 2012. The landmark Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysm Study in Japan was published, illustrating a significantly greater rupture risk than previously reported for small anterior and posterior communicating artery aneurysms, those with daughter domes, and giant aneurysms. Results from the Cerecyte (DePuy Synthes, West Chester, PN, USA) coil trial did not demonstrate a statistically significant positive impact of these bioactive coils on angiographic occlusion rates or outcome. The Clazosentan to Overcome Neurological Ischemia and Infarct Occurring after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage study was also published and unfortunately did not demonstrate an overall favorable long-term functional outcome rate for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage receiving clazosentan. Studies furthering our understanding of the natural history and treatment of vascular malformations were also published, including large prospective natural history studies of cavernous malformations from the Mayo Clinic and the Scottish Audit of Intracranial Vascular Malformations database. Although pregnancy was found to be a significant risk factor for arteriovenous malformation hemorrhage, several studies did not demonstrate pregnancy as a significant risk factor for cavernous malformation hemorrhage. Finally, prospective randomized control trials illustrated significantly improved angiographic and clinical outcome results for both the Solitaire (ev3 Endovascular, Plymouth, MN, USA; SWIFT trial) and Trevo (Concentric Medical, Mountainview, CA, USA; TREVO 2 trial) stent retrievers as compared to the Merci (Concentric Medical) clot retriever.     

Subclassification and Treatment Results of Ethanol Embolotherapy of Type II Arteriovenous Malformations of the Extremity and Body

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of ethanol and coil embolization of type II arteriovenous malformation (AVM) according to a new subtype classification.Materials and MethodsEighty-four type II AVMs in the body or extremity of 79 patients who underwent AVM treatment from 1996 to 2017 were retrospectively subclassified according to the angiographic morphology of the draining vein as type IIa (arterioles shunt to focal segment of single draining vein), type IIb (arterioles shunt to venous sac with multiple draining veins), and type IIc (arterioles shunt along long segment of draining vein). Coil and ethanol embolization of the focal or long segment of the draining vein or the venous sac was performed with direct puncture or transvenous approach according to subtype. Treatment outcomes, number of treatment sessions, and complications were analyzed.ResultsAVM cure (ie, complete embolization) rates were 95%, 76%, and 65% in types IIa, IIb, and IIc AVMs, respectively. The cure rate of type IIa AVMs was significantly better than that of type IIc AVMs (P = .015). Median numbers of treatment sessions were 1 in types IIa and IIb AVMs and 2.5 in type IIc AVMs, with a significant difference between type IIc and the other 2 types (P < .05). Minor complications occurred in 20% of patents and major complications occurred in 7%.ConclusionsThe cure rate of type IIa AVMs was significantly better than that of type IIc AVMs, which also required significantly more treatment sessions than the other 2 types.