佳沽士含三氯生牙膏和佳沽士防蛀修复牙膏抑菌作用的比较研究

目的：比较佳洁士含三氯生牙膏和佳洁士防蛀修复牙膏的抑菌效果及作用时间。方法：选用变形链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌等为实验菌株，用微孔板微量液体稀释法对两种牙膏进行细菌敏感实验，比较二者对不同菌株的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）；并选择22名受试者，在晚间和清晨分别使用两种牙膏按指定方法刷牙后，观察两种牙膏抑菌作用的持续时间。结果：①含三氯生牙膏对5种菌的抑菌浓度均低于防蛀修复牙膏。@22名受试者使用含三氯生牙膏刷牙后，清晨抑菌作用保持率为81．8％，日间检出率下降，为40．9％；防蛀修复组抑菌作用保持率为0。统计学差异具有显著性意义。结论：佳洁士含三氯生牙膏抑菌作用较强，使用后能持续发挥抑菌作用，其夜间抑菌作用优于日间。     

Does the nature of the solvent affect the anti-inflammatory capacity of triclosan? An experimental study

Abstract The anti-inflammatory properties of triclosan have been revealed in several recent studies, including an effect on histamine-induced inflammation. In other studies, the nature of the solvent has been shown to be of importance for the plaque inhibiting as well as the antibacterial potential of triclosan. This study was aimed at examining whether the nature of the solvent also may influence the anti-inflammatory capacity of triclosan and further to study a possible dose/response relationship. The study was performed as 3 separate, double-blind experiments, comprising 10, 11 and 12 healthy females. In all 3 experiments, 5 sites on the lower part of the back of the volunteers were intradermally exposed to one drop of 1% histamine dihydrochloride for 15 min. The size of the resulting wheals was recorded before and after 40 min of triclosan treatment. In experiment I. 4 different concentrations of triclosan in 2-fold dilutions in absolute alcohol (0.125%-1%) were applied on the histamine-induced wheals. In experiments 2 and 3, 4 different solutions containing 0.5% triclosan and a saline solution as negative control were used. The solvents in experiment 2 were as follows: (1) absolute alcohol (positive control). (2) propylene glycol (PG), (3) polyethylene glycol (PEG). (4) olive oil, and in experiment 3: (1) absolute alcohol (positive control). (2) Tween 80. (3) sodium carbonate, (4) soy oil. The results showed a dose/ response effect of triclosan and further that the solvent may be of importance for its anti-inflammatory potential.     

The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate and triclosan on hamster cheek pouch mucosa

It has recently been shown that triclosan protects the human skin from the inflammation that may be caused by exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The aim of the present study was to examine whether triclosan can protect the hamster cheek pouch mucosa from the irritation caused by exposure to SLS. After four daily applications of a paste containing SLS, the epithelium of the hamster cheek pouch showed consistently prominent structural changes, especially basal hyperplasia, acanthosis, hypergranulosis, and hyperkeratosis. Identical morphological changes were also observed after applications of a paste containing SLS together with triclosan. In contrast, after applications of a paste containing triclosan alone, the cheek pouch mucosa revealed a histological structure essentially similar to the non-treated control mucosa. From these results, we may conclude that SLS, but not triclosan, irritates the hamster cheek pouch epithelium. Moreover, triclosan does not protect the cheek pouch mucosa against structural changes induced by SLS. It must be taken into account that triclosan does not always offer protection against the side-effects of SLS.     

Oral infections and systemic disease—an emerging problem in medicine

The relationship between oral and general health has been increasingly recognised during the past two decades. Several epidemiological studies have linked poor oral health with cardiovascular disease, poor glycaemic control in diabetics, low birth-weight pre-term babies, and a number of other conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Oral infections are also recognised as a problem for individuals suffering from a range of chronic conditions, including cancer and infection with human immunodeficiency virus, as well as patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. This review considers the systemic consequences of odontogenic infections and the possible mechanisms by which oral infection and inflammation can contribute to cardiovascular disease, as well as the oral conditions associated with medically compromised patients. A large number of clinical studies have established the clinical efficacy of topical antimicrobial agents, e.g., chlorhexidine and triclosan, in the prevention and control of oral disease, especially gingivitis and dental plaque. The possible risks of antimicrobial resistance are a concern, and the benefits of long-term use of triclosan require further evaluation. Oral infections have become an increasingly common risk-factor for systemic disease, which clinicians should take into account. Clinicians should increase their knowledge of oral diseases, and dentists must strengthen their understanding of general medicine, in order to avoid unnecessary risks for infection that originate in the mouth.     

Triclosan exhibits a tendency to accumulate in the epididymis and shows sperm toxicity in male sprague‐dawley rats

Triclosan (TCS) is considered a potent endocrine disruptor that causes reproductive toxicity in non‐mammals, but it is still unclear exactly whether TCS has adverse effects on the sperm or reproductive organs in mammals. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the distribution status of TCS in male reproductive organs of rats, and seek the correlation with the TCS‐induced sperm toxicity or reproductive organ damage. Male rats were intragastrically administered with TCS at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the kinetics of TCS in the plasma and reproductive organs were investigated. TCS in testes and prostates both showed a lower‐level distritbution compared to that in the plasma, which indicates it has no tendency to accumulate in those organs. However, TCS in the epididymides showed a longer elimination half‐life (t_1/2z), a longer the mean retention time (MRT), and a lower clearance (CL_Z/F) compared with those in the plasma. Besides, the ratios of mean area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC)_{0–96h(epididymides/plasma)} and AUC_{0–∞(epididymides/plasma)} were 1.13 and 1.51, respectively. These kinetic parameters suggest TCS has an accumulation tendency in the epididymides. Based on this, we investigated the TCS‐induced sperm toxicity and histopathological changes of reproductive organs in rats. TCS was given intragastrically at doses of 10, 50, and 200 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Rats treated with the high dose (200 mg/kg) of TCS showed a significant decrease in daily sperm production (DSP), changes in sperm morphology and epididymal histopathology. Considering the histopathological change in the epididymides, TCS may induce the epididymal damage due to the epididymal accumulation of that. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 83–91, 2015.     

The Influence of Triclosan on Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients in the Cardiovascular and Periodontal Study (CAPS): A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Triclosan toothpaste is effective in controlling plaque and gingivitis and slowing progression of periodontitis; however, its influence on inflammatory biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as on kidney and liver function, is unknown. Methods: Patients recruited from the Cardiovascular Unit at Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, were randomized to triclosan (n = 193) or placebo (n = 190) groups and assessed for total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hemoglobin, total white cell count (WCC), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and liver function enzymes, annually for 5 years. A standard mixed model for each marker included group, sex, age, hypertension, diabetes, periodontal status, statin and anti‐inflammatory drug use, and smoking as covariates. Changes in eGFR, WCC, and ESR were further analyzed using transition modeling. Results: Triclosan toothpaste led to a greater decrease in TC (P = 0.03), LDL cholesterol (P = 0.04), and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.05) than placebo toothpaste. ESR increased at a slower rate in the triclosan group (P ≈ 0.06) and was less likely to increase and more likely to improve in males on statins but not anti‐inflammatory drugs in the triclosan group versus the placebo group. Markov modeling of the binary response for eGFR (greater than or less than/equal to the baseline median value) showed that patients with diabetes in the placebo group were significantly (P ≈ 0.05) more likely to deteriorate than either patients with diabetes in the triclosan group or patients without diabetes in each group. Conclusions: These data suggest that triclosan toothpaste may influence some inflammatory biomarkers of CVD, but not kidney or liver function. However, it is unclear if this influence is clinically significant.     

Double-masked randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on periodontal healing after one-stage full-mouth debridement

Background: This study evaluates the effect of triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on the 6‐month clinical response of patients with generalized severe chronic periodontitis (GSCP) treated with one‐stage, full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement (FMUD). Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with GSCP (≥8 teeth presenting probing depth [PD] ≥5 mm and bleeding on probing [BOP]) were selected and randomly allocated to a control group (n = 15) subjected to FMUD and daily use of a placebo dentifrice or to a test group (n = 15) subjected to FMUD and daily use of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice. Patients were analyzed for the following parameters: full‐mouth plaque index (FMPI), full‐mouth BOP score (FMBS), gingival recession, PD, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Patients were evaluated at 3 and 6 months by a calibrated and masked examiner. Results: Initially, the groups presented similar periodontal conditions, with no significant differences in any of the parameters evaluated (P >0.05). In both groups, improvements in all periodontal parameters (P <0.05) were seen at the completion of the experimental period. Additionally, the test group showed lower FMPI (3 months) and FMBS (3 and 6 months) than the control group (P <0.05). Moreover, the CAL gain was significantly greater in the test group, especially at initially deep pockets (PD ≤7 mm). Whereas in the control group the CAL gain in deep pockets was 2.7 ± 0.6 mm, in the test group the CAL gain was 3.6 ± 1.4 mm (P <0.05). Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, the use of triclosan/copolymer dentifrice promoted additional clinical benefits in the treatment of GSCP treated by one‐stage FMUD.     

网络药理学分析三氯生对非酒精性脂肪性肝病的治疗作用

目的 预测三氯生治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的作用,为深入研究三氯生改善NAFLD的靶点与机制提供线索。方法 采用网络药理学的方法获取三氯生作用靶点和NAFLD疾病靶点,映射得到三氯生与NAFLD共同靶点;构建共同靶点的蛋白质网络图,计算Degree值筛选出三氯生改善NAFLD的潜在靶点,利用分子对接技术验证三氯生与潜在靶点的结合性,并通过基因本体(GO)分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)信号通路富集分析预测三氯生治疗NAFLD关键靶点。采用高脂饲料喂养C57BL/6J雄鼠12周建立NAFLD模型后使用400 mg/(kg·d)剂量的三氯生灌胃8周,使用HE和油红O染色分别观察小鼠肝组织病理变化和脂肪沉积情况,采用蛋白质免疫印迹法检测肝组织中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)蛋白表达水平的变化。结果 网络药理学初步预测到34个三氯生与NAFLD的共同靶点,蛋白质网络分析显示白蛋白(ALB)、丝裂原激活蛋白激酶8(MAPK8)、PPARα、脂肪酸合成酶等19个靶点Degree值高于平均值,可能是三氯生治疗NAFLD的潜在靶点;分子对接显示19个靶点中ALB、MAPK8、PPARα与三氯生结合能最低;KEGG分析结果显示靶点富集于过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体信号通路,ALB、MAPK8并未参与。实验结果显示三氯生减少NAFLD小鼠肝脏HE染色出现的气球样变和脂滴空泡,降低肝脏油红O染色的脂滴面积,提高小鼠肝脏组织中PPARα的表达水平。结论 三氯生可以改善NAFLD肝脏病变,PPARα极可能是三氯生治疗NAFLD的关键靶点,可能通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体信号通路参与脂肪酸氧化发挥治疗NAFLD的作用。