金黄色葡萄球菌D型肠毒素抗血清的制备和致敏血球效果的初步观察

我们制定了制备抗-SED血清的免疫方案,抗原用量6.9mg/兔,注射8针,免疫时间共14周。实验表明,抗-SED血清效价可达1∶128,所制备的抗血清与纯度高(98%)及纯度较低(50%～60%)的SED肠毒素都只产生1条沉淀线,并且融合,同SEA、SEB、SEC_I、SEC_Z均没有交叉反应。硫铵盐析沉淀法提取的抗-SED IgG,用于致敏醛化血球,该抗体诊断致敏血球检出SED灵敏度较高,约1ng/ml。同时用该抗体诊断血球对6种罐头食品人工污染SED肠毒素进行了检验,检出灵敏度为0.78～3.12ng/ml,略低于含纯SED标本,食物成分对反向间接血凝没影响,不出现假阳性和假阴性。效价高或效价低的抗-SED血清都可用于致敏醛化血球。     

Magnetically-labeled sensitized splenocytes to identify glioma by MRI: a preliminary study.

This study investigated the feasibility of imaging the migration and incorporation of magnetically-labeled sensitized splenocytes in an experimental 9L glioma brain tumor model. Splenocytes collected from tumor-bearing (sensitized splenocytes) or control (nonsensitized splenocytes) host rats were analyzed to determine the population of different cells, labeled with ferumoxides-protamine sulfate (FePro) and injected intravenously to recipient rats (N=4, for each group) bearing intracranial 9L tumors. Day 3 postinjection of splenocytes multiecho T2*-weighted and three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo MRI were obtained using a 7 Tesla MR system. R2* (1/T2*) maps were created from the T2*-weighted images. Signal intensities (SIs) and R2* values in the tumors and contralateral brain were determined by hand drawn regions of interest (ROIs). Brain sections were stained for the evidence of administered cells. Both 3D and T2*-weighted MRI showed low signal intensity areas in and around the tumors in rats that received labeled sensitized splenocytes. Prussian blue (PB), CD45- and CD8-positive cells were present in areas at the corresponding sites of low signal intensities seen on MRI. Rats that received labeled nonsensitized splenocytes did not show low signal intensity areas or PB positive cells in or around the implanted tumors. In conclusion, the immunogenic reaction can be exploited to delineate recurrent glioma using MRI following systemically delivered magnetically labeled sensitized splenocytes or T-cells.     

电针敏化穴位激活迷走神经运动背核胆碱能神经元改善大鼠结肠炎性损伤

目的:观察电针敏化穴位对结肠炎模型大鼠脑干迷走神经运动背核(DMV)乙酰胆碱转移酶阳性(Ch AT+)神经元的影响,探讨其改善大鼠结肠炎性损伤的机制。方法:将79只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组(20只)、正常+敏化穴位组(5只)、模型组(34只)、电针1组(15只)和电针2组(5只)。模型组和电针组均予5%葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)自由饮用6d建立结肠炎大鼠模型。通过尾静脉注射伊文氏蓝(EB)溶液确定模型大鼠的敏化穴位后,正常+敏化穴位组、电针1组和电针2组于敏化穴位处施以电针(疏密波,频率2 Hz/15 Hz,电流强度2 m A),每天干预30 min,电针1组连续干预6 d,正常+敏化穴位组、电针2组只干预1 d。实验第0、7、13天,评定正常组、模型组和电针1组大鼠的疾病活动指数(DAI)评分、结肠组织学损伤评分及足底机械缩足反射阈值、热痛潜伏期;实验第7天,采用免疫荧光法观察正常组、正常+敏化穴位组、模型组和电针2组大鼠脊髓背角不同板层神经元和DMV中Ch AT+神经元激活情况。结果:结肠炎模型大鼠体表EB渗出点主要分布于T12~S1节段,以L2和L5节段最集中,因此,选择L5节段的上巨虚穴作为敏化穴位。第7、13天,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠足底机械缩足反射阈值降低(P<0.001),DAI评分和结肠组织学损伤评分升高(P<0.001);第7天,模型组热痛潜伏期低于正常组(P<0.001);第13天,与模型组比较,电针1组大鼠足底机械缩足反射阈值升高(P<0.001),DAI评分和结肠组织学损伤评分降低(P<0.01,P<0.05)。与正常组比较,正常+敏化穴位组和模型组大鼠脊髓L4~L6节段背角浅层(第Ⅰ、Ⅱ板层)神经元及DMV中Ch AT+神经元激活数量增多(P<0.05,P<0.01);与正常+敏化穴位组和模型组比较,电针2组大鼠脊髓背角浅层神经元和DMV中Ch AT+神经元激活数量增多(P<0.001)。结论:结肠炎大鼠体表T12~S1节段支配区域(穴位)发生敏化;电针敏化穴位可有效缓解结肠炎模型大鼠结肠炎性损伤,其机制可能与激活脊髓背角浅层神经元和DMV中Ch AT+神经元有关。     

Plasmapheresis‐resistant acute humoral rejection successfully treated with anti‐C5 antibody

Even if kidney graft survival has improved during the last decades, sensitized pediatric patients are an emerging problem. We describe a 17‐yr‐old male who lost his first graft due to chronic rejection becoming hyperimmunized (CDC PRA 99.61%). A desensitization protocol based on high‐dose IVIG, PP, and two Mabthera^® infusions was performed with minor response (CDC PRA post‐desensitization 80%). One month after his second non‐living transplant, he developed a biopsy‐proven AMR; post‐transplant immunological monitoring showed the presence of donor‐specific anti‐DQ5 antibodies (DSA, MFI 20.000). He received methylprednisolone pulses and 45 PP sessions without clinical response; eculizumab was then used to salvage a kidney undergoing severe PP‐resistant rejection. A biopsy performed after the fourth eculizumab infusion showed complete resolution of AMR. Eculizumab infusions were then continued for the first year post‐transplantation. Two yr after transplantation, graft function is stable. Anti‐C5 therapy may represent an effective therapeutic option in pediatric patients with PP‐resistant AMR.     

Efficient Sensitized Photoluminescence from Erbium Chloride Silicate via Interparticle Energy Transfer

In this study, we prepare Erbium compound nanocrystals and Si nanocrystal (Si NC) co-embedded silica film by the sol-gel method. Dual phases of Si and Er chloride silicate (ECS) nanocrystals were coprecipitated within amorphous silica. Effective sensitized emission of Er chloride silicate nanocrystals was realized via interparticle energy transfer between silicon nanocrystal and Er chloride silicate nanocrystals. The influence of density and the distribution of sensitizers and Er compounds on interparticle energy transfer efficiency was discussed. The interparticle energy transfer between the semiconductor and erbium compound nanocrystals offers some important insights into the realization of efficient light emission for silicon-based integrated photonics.     

Management of the sensitized adult heart transplant candidate

Eckman PM, Hanna M, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Gonzalez‐Stawinski GV. Management of the sensitized adult heart transplant candidate.
Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 726–734. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Heart transplant recipients sensitized to human leukocyte antigens comprise a challenging subgroup of patients. Sensitization has been associated with a variety of effects that determine short‐term and long‐term outcomes. These include a higher rate of acute rejection and graft loss, and a heightened risk for developing cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Because of improvements in both tissue typing and immunomodulatory therapies coupled with the growing population receiving mechanical circulatory support/LVAD, the percent of sensitized patients listed for heart transplantation has increased, inflicting a greater burden to the already scarce donor pool. Despite these potentially adverse developments, pre‐transplant immunologic management has resulted in decreased waiting times and outcomes that were not possible over 10 yr ago. The following review will focus on the contemporary management of the sensitized heart transplant candidate and highlight therapies that have allowed the successful transplantation of this growing and challenging patient population, including several approaches in development.     

The effect of HLA mismatch on highly sensitized renal allograft recipients

Paramesh AS, Zhang R, Baber J, Yau CL, Slakey DP, Killackey MT, Ren Q, Sullivan K, Heneghan J, Florman SS. The effect of HLA mismatch on highly sensitized renal allograft recipients.
Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E247–E252. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Introduction: We examined the effects of increasing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches (MM) on long‐term graft outcomes in patients transplanted with a panel reactive antibody (PRA) >80% over a 10‐yr period. Methods: A total of 142 recipients were divided into three groups based on the number of HLA MM with their allograft (0–2, 3–4 and 5–6 MM; Groups I, II and III). All patients received the same immunosuppression protocol. Results: The higher MM groups had a higher incidence of rejection (4.4% vs. 11.4% vs. 31.3%, p < 0.01). A multivariate analysis showed that rejection was the only significant variable affecting graft loss (OR = 7.45, p = 0.01). There was a trend toward more CMV infection and worse graft function with higher MM. Kaplan–Meier five‐yr graft survival estimates were 100% vs. 81% vs. 74% for Groups I, II and III, respectively (p = 0.14). Conclusions: In patients with PRA levels >80%, a higher HLA MM is associated with higher incidence of acute rejection. Acute rejection was the only significant variable affecting graft loss. We found a trend toward more CMV infections and worse graft outcomes with higher MM. Closer HLA matching and immunologic monitoring needs to be considered to improve graft outcomes among sensitized recipients.     

Antibody‐mediated rejection of renal allograft in combined liver–kidney transplant

Barth RN, Campos L, Kukuruga DL, Drachenberg C, Philosophe B. Antibody‐mediated rejection of renal allograft in combined liver–kidney transplant.
Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01161.x
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Liver transplantation is performed based on ABO blood type compatibility without dependence on crossmatch results. Combined liver–kidney transplantation (CLKT) is similarly performed without dependence of crossmatch results as the liver is thought to confer protection to the renal allograft against alloantibody. We report a case of CLKT in a sensitized patient with antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) of the renal allograft. AMR was confirmed with C4d staining and serial monitoring of donor‐specific antibody (DSA). Despite intensive therapy directed against AMR and the presence of the liver allograft, the patient demonstrated increasing titers of alloantibody, never demonstrated adequate renal function, and ultimately expired after two months. This result demonstrates the potential for AMR of the renal allograft in sensitized recipients of CLKT.     

Panax ginseng ameliorates airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-sensitized mouse allergic asthma model

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Panax ginseng (PG) is a medicinal herb that has been used to treat various immune diseases including asthma and COPD. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory mechanism of PG on asthma parameters in mice.

Materials and methods

BALB/c mice were sensitized with 20 μg/200 μl OVA adsorbed on 1.0 mg/50 μl aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant by i.p. injection on days 0 and 14. Mice were then challenged with 5% OVA in PBS to the nose for 30 min once a day for 3 days, from day 20 until day 22, using a nebulizer. PG (20 mg/kg) or vehicle was administrated by i.p. injection once a day 10 min before every OVA challenge for 3 days. The recruitment of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or lung tissues was measured. The expression of EMBP, Muc5ac, CD40, and CD40 ligand (CD40L) in lung tissues was investigated. In addition, the cytokines and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot.

Results and conclusions

PG restored the expression of EMBP, Muc5ac, CD40, and CD40L, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In addition, PG inhibited the numbers of goblet cells and further small G proteins and MAP kinases in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lung tissues increased in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice. These results suggest that PG may be used as a therapeutic agent in asthma, based on reductions of various allergic responses.