Ovarian and uterine findings in pelvic sonography: comparison between prepubertal girls, girls with isolated thelarche, and girls with central precocious puberty.

OBJECTIVE: To describe pelvic sonographic findings in girls as old as 7 years, to compare prepubertal girls with girls who had isolated thelarche or central precocious puberty, and to verify the accuracy of sonographic variables for distinguishing prepubertal girls from girls with central precocious puberty. METHODS: Ninety-six prepubertal girls and 2 reference groups (8 girls with isolated thelarche and 8 with idiopathic central precocious puberty) were included. Ovaries were classified morphologically as homogeneous, paucicystic, macrocystic, multicystic, and having isolated cysts. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to choose the best cutoff points. RESULTS: Chronologic and bone age were correlated with uterine length, area, and volume and ovarian volume in prepubertal girls (P < .0001). Ovarian morphologic characteristics in prepubertal girls differed significantly from those of the reference groups (P < .0001). The best cutoff points were uterine length of 4.0 cm, uterine area of 4.5 cm2, uterine volume of 3.0 cm3, and ovarian volume of 1.0 cm3. CONCLUSIONS: Uterine and ovarian growth are proportional to age in prepubertal girls. Mean ovarian volume greater than 1 cm3 showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between prepubertal girls and girls with central precocious puberty. Microcysts are common in prepubertal girls, but the presence of 6 or more follicles up to 10 mm in diameter may suggest central precocious puberty in girls younger than 8 years.     

放射免疫分析法测定血清性激素含量对女性性早熟的诊断价值

为探讨女性性早熟与性激素含量的变化。采用放射免疫分析法测定了53例2～8岁性早熟女童血清中性激素的含量。结果显示：53例患儿中,19倒真性性早熟血清E2含量为54.59±19.81μg／L;PRL含量为2．25±17．08μg/L,FSH含量为15.17±4.36μg/L,LH对含量为11.93±4.13μg/L,均已达到青春期水平。其余34例假性性早熟女童仅有E2含量升高。为此,作者认为：性激素的测定有助于鉴别各类性早熟。     

Pelvic ultrasonography in normal girls and in girls with pubertal precocity

This prospective study sought to evaluate the role of pelvic ultrasonography in differentiating between various types of pubertal precocity. A control group of 117 normal girls (aged 1.1-15.6) was studied and compared with 87 girls with premature sexual maturation (aged 1.1-9.2y). Of these patients 19 had central precocious puberty (CPP), 48 had isolated premature thelarche (IPT) and 20 had premature adrenarche (IPA) Pelvic ultrasound variables evaluated were: (i) uterus: longitudinal diameter (uterine length), cross-sectional area (CSA) and fundo-cervical ratio; and (ii) ovaries: volume and morphology. Ovarian morphology was subdivided in 6 different appearances: solid, microcystic, paucicystic, multicystic, macrocystic, and major isolated cyst. In normal control girls, uterine length and CSA increased with age, although no cut-off values could be defined between different age ranges, and they were correlated with breast stage; fundo-cervical ratio was stable through childhood and increased after age 9. Ovarian volume was significantly greater in pubertal girls with breast stage 2 than in those with only pubic and/or axillary hair. There was a clear predominance of solid ovarian appearances in the age range 2-7, with the multicystic appearance being seen only after age 7, a minority being macrocystic. After age 10 all the different patterns were observed, and after age 13 the frequency of a macrocystic pattern increased. Significantly more mature ovarian appearances were observed in subjects with breast development compared with those without, independently of the presence of pubic hair. Patients with IPT had no significant differences in pelvic ultrasound measurements when compared with age-matched controls. All the different morphological ovarian appearances were observed in IPT, in contrast to age-matched controls, where only the less mature patterns (solid, micro- and paucicystic) were seen. Patients with CPP had significantly more mature patterns of ovarian morphology compared with age-matched controls, but did not differ from pubertal pre-menarcheal controls. Those patients with IPA differed from age-matched controls only in having significantly greater uterine length and CSA. Comparison of the pelvic ultrasound parameters between patient groups (IPT, CPP, IPA) and age-matched controls revealed significantly higher values in CPP for uterine length, uterine CSA and ovarian volume. Ovarian volume was also greater in IPT than in IPA. Ovarian morphology was significantly different in patients (IPT, CPP, IPA) compared with age-matched controls, but none of the ovarian morphological appearances was exclusive to a single condition. In conclusion: (i) pelvic ultrasound parameters increase progressively from birth to maturity, but no clear cut-off values can be established between age ranges; (ii) pelvic ultrasound variables reach adult values during puberty, with differences in the timing that may reflect geographical variations; (iii) the multicystic ovarian appearance occurs just before the onset of puberty; (iv) pelvic ultrasonography cannot always differentiate clearly between different disturbances of puberty and therefore cannot supersede other observations and investigations in the evaluation of pubertal disorders; and (v) in this study we propose a more detailed pelvic ultrasound terminology that can avoid apparent confusion in defining ovarian ultrasound appearance.     

Effect of central precocious puberty and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue treatment on peak bone mass and final height in females

To evaluate the effect of central precocious puberty (CPP) and its treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues on final height and peak bone mass (PBM), we measured lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in 23 girls at final height. Patients were distributed in two groups. Group 1: 14 patients with progressive CPP were treated with GnRH analogues; seven patients received buserelin (1600 μg/daily), subsequently switched to depot triptorelin (60 μg/kg/26–28 days); seven patients were treated with depot triptorelin (60 μg/kg/26–28 days); mean age of treatment was 6.2 years (range 2.7–7.8 years); the treatment was discontinued at the mean age of 10.1 years (range 8.7–11.3 years); final height was reached at the mean age 13.4 years (range 12.0–14.9 years). Group 2: 9 patients (mean age 6.5 years, range 4.8–7.7 years) with a slowly progressing variant of CPP were followed without treatment; final height was reached at the mean␣age␣13.6 years (range 12.5–14.8 years). Lumbar BMD (L₂-L₄ by dual energy X-ray␣absorptiometry) was measured in all patients at final height. In group 1, final height␣(158.9 ± 5.4 cm) was significantly greater than the pre-treatment predicted height (153.5 ± 7.2 cm, P < 0.001), but significantly lower than mid-parental height (163.2 ± 6.2 cm, P < 0.005). Subdividing the girls of group 1 according to the bone age at discontinuation of therapy (i.e. ≤11.5 years, n = 5, or ≥12.0 years, n = 9), the former patients had a final height significantly higher than the latter (163.7 ± 3.9 cm vs 156.5 ± 4.6 cm, P < 0.02). In group 2, final height (161.8 ± 4.6 cm) was similar to the pre-treatment predicted height (163.1 ± 6.2 cm, P = NS) and was not significantly different from mid-parental height (161.0 ± 5.9 cm). BMD values (group 1: 1.11 ± 0.14 g/cm², group 2: 1.22 ± 0.08 g/cm²) were not significantly different from those of a control group (1.18 ± 0.10 g/cm²; n = 20, age 16.3–20.5 years) and the patients' mothers (group 1: 1.16 ± 0.07 g/cm², n = 11, age 32.9–45.1 years; group 2: 1.20 ± 0.08 g/cm², n = 7, age 33.5–46.5 years). In group 1, the girls who stopped therapy at a bone age ≤11.5 years had significantly higher BMD (1.22 ± 0.10 g/cm²) compared to those who discontinued therapy at a bone age ≥12.0 years (1.04 ± 0.12 g/cm², P < 0.05). Conclusion In girls with progressive CPP, long-term treatment with GnRH analogues improves final height. A subset of patients with CPP does not require treatment because good statural outcome (slowly progressing variant). In CPP, the abnormal onset of puberty and the long-term GnRH analogue treatment do not impair the achievement of PBM. In GnRH treated patients, the discontinuation of therapy at an appropriate bone age for pubertal onset may improve both final height and PBM. Received: 5 June 1997 / Accepted in revised form 21 November 1997     

叶进基于脾肾互赞理论辨治性早熟经验

脾肾互赞理论来源于《黄帝内经》,李中梓将其总结为脾肾二脏之间存在着双向影响的关系,包括生理上脾肾相辅相成、协同辅助,临床治疗上脾肾相求。性早熟以阴虚火旺为基本病机,兼脾虚痰聚。叶进教授临床辨治性早熟即推崇脾肾互赞理论,多主张脾肾互济为基本治则,故临床治疗中以滋阴降火与健脾化痰兼施,疗效显著。     

中药早熟3号治疗阴虚火旺夹痰湿之性早熟

目的:观察早熟3号颗粒剂治疗阴虚火旺夹痰湿型女童特发性性早熟的疗效和安全性。方法:将292例中医证属阴虚火旺夹有痰湿型特发性性早熟的患儿按激发试验的结果分为真性性早熟组(144例)和部分性早熟组(148例),均予口服早熟3号颗粒剂进行治疗,治疗12月后,观察两组临床疗效,治疗前后症状、体征方面的改善情况,以及性激素(FSH、LH、E2)、子宫卵巢容积和骨龄身高增长情况等变化。结果:①总体疗效比较:真性性早熟组总有效率为91.7%,部分性性早熟组总有效率为97.3%(P>0.05);②中医证候疗效比较:真性性早熟组总有效率为96.5%,部分性性早熟组为98.6%,两组比较无显著差异(P<0.05);③治疗后两组骨龄增速均得到改善,与治疗前相比有显著差异(P<0.05),真性性早熟组较部分性性早熟组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);④治疗期间,真性性早熟组身高增长优于部分性性早熟组,两组骨龄与身高龄差值都较治疗前减小,但真性性早熟组优于部分性性早熟组(P<0.05);⑤治疗期间未见明显不良反应。结论:早熟3号颗粒剂治疗阴虚火旺夹有痰湿型女童性早熟有较好临床效果且较安全。     

加减知柏地黄丸对特发性中枢性性早熟患者骨相关指标的影响

目的 探讨特发性中枢性性早熟女童骨相关指标异常的规律及加减知柏地黄丸治疗的效果.方法 对不同年龄水平的性早熟女童进行N-MID骨钙素片段(N-MID OCT)、Ⅲ型前胶原氨基末端前肽(PⅢNP)和胃促生长素(Ghrelin)含量的测定,将各项指标与正常同龄儿作比较,以探讨患儿骨骼发育异常的规律.其中60例患儿随机单盲分成两组,分配无差异,经加减知柏地黄丸治疗和亮丙瑞林西药对照组治疗,病情缓解后观察骨相关指标.结果 治疗组与对照组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),治疗组治疗前N-MID OCT、PⅢNP、Ghrelin分别为(110.51±11.16)、(31.73±0.30)、(2.73±0.04),治疗6个月,N-MID OCT、PⅢNP分别为(92.22±3.80)和(29.46±0.88),都出现下降,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜ 0.01),Ghrelin为(2.74±0.03),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),治疗1年,N-MID OCT、PⅢNP分别为(61.49±4.64)和(23.14±1.47),均下降Ghrelin为(2.86±0.03)上升,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜ 0.01).结论 加减知柏地黄丸可改变ICPP患儿骨相关指标N-MIDOCT、PⅢNP、Ghrelin的水平,抑制成骨细胞过度亢进活动.     

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近年来,随着儿科内分泌遗传代谢病专业不断壮大以及与国外学术交流的增多,国内儿科内分泌遗传代谢病领域的研究进展不断创新。2011年10月13-16日第11届全国儿科内分泌遗传代谢病学术会议在山东烟台隆重举行,来自全国各地的450名正式代表出席了会议,会议收到论文168篇,基本反映了我国儿科内分泌遗传代谢病诊治及研究的整体水平。现就2011年国内儿科内分泌遗传代谢     

正常青春期少女及特发性中枢性性早熟女孩生长激素结合蛋白、性激素与生长

本文对41例青春期女孩及30例特发性中枢性性早熟(ICPP)女孩。观察其身高、体重、身高增长速度、骨龄与生长激素结合蛋白(GHBP)、雌二醇(E_2)的相关关系,结果示GHBP在青春各期间无显著差异,GHBP与身高生长速度(GV)、身高标准差分(HtsDs)、体重指数(BMI)呈正相关,GHBP与E_2、年龄(CA)、骨龄(BA)无相关关系。正常青春少女与ICPP女孩相应青春期血清GHBP无明显差异,ICPP女孩GHBP与HtsDs及BMI呈正相关关系,与E_2、CA及BA无相关关系。提示正常青春少女及ICPP女孩的生长,在GH轴调控途径上,至少在生长激素受体(GHR)/GHBP水平是相同的。GHBP受营养的正性影响,不受年龄、骨龄影响。