中学生焦虑与其相关影响因素的综合研究

目的：综合探讨中学生焦虑状况与其相关影响因素的关系。方法：采用中学生焦虑量表、青少年生活事件量表、艾森克人格问卷、中学生父母教养方式量表和应对量表对558名中学生进行问卷调查。结果：(1)中学生整体的焦虑处于轻度水平，52．6％的学生存在不同程度的焦虑问题，男女生在焦虑水平上不存在较为明显的性别差异，年级差异在焦虑水平上表现也不明显。(2)中学生焦虑与生活事件、父母教养方式、人格和应对方式各因子均有十分显著的相关关系，进一步的回归分析结果表明有八个因素对焦虑的预测作用十分明显，具体为不良情绪应对、学习压力、神经质、父放任型教养方式、人际压力、母过分保护和干涉、解决问题和精神质。结论：中学生中存在较为明显的焦虑问题，多个因素对焦虑有预测作用。     

Social/sexual awareness of persons with autism: A parental perspective

A parental survey that addressed the social sexual awareness, sex education, and sex behaviors of persons with autism, a developmental disability is provided. Questionnaires from 100 caregivers of persons with autism 9 years of age and older and with the DSM-III-R diagnosis were analyzed. Eighty-five percent of respondents were mothers, 8% both parents, 5% fathers, and 2% others; 32% of the persons with autism were female and 68% male with an age range of 9.1 to 38.9 years. The verbal level of the person with autism related to parents' beliefs about the relevance of sex relations (² = 6.99, p < 0.05) and sex education (² = 22.91, p < 0.001). No relationship between parents' report of the verbal level of the individual and the display of inappropriate sexual behaviors was found (² = 2.56, ns). Parents of males were more concerned about their son being taken advantage of by a same-sex person (² = 15.90, p < 0.001); parents of females were worried about an opposite-sex person (² = 4.06, p < 0.05). Parental concerns and beliefs regarding sexuality varied and could not be generalized. The nonsignificant finding regarding verbal level and display of inappropriate sexual behaviors suggests that the need for sex education is best determined by the behaviors of the person rather than the functioning or verbal levels.     

Addressing Environmental Health Concerns near Trecatti Landfill Site,United Kingdom

Residents near the Trecatti landfill site located in South Wales, United Kingdom, expressed concern about odors and health effects they attributed to site emissions. The authors compared routinely collected, population-based, health data from potentially exposed electoral wards (i.e., United Kingdom electoral tracts) with data from both wards nearby, matched for socioeconomic deprivation scores, and with wards where residents were likely to attend the same hospital. Mortality rates were higher for all causes and neoplastic diseases (but not respiratory disease) in the exposed wards, but there was no change in rates after the site opened. Hospital data revealed a transient increase in admissions for asthma during the 3 yr that preceded the peak in odor complaints. The birth prevalence of congenital malformations was raised in the exposed wards, but the authors could not exclude a possible artifact resulting from differences in reporting practices between hospitals. The absence of environmental monitoring in the community during the period of public concern was a significant weakness of this study.     

Communicating to promote informed decisions in the context of early pregnancy loss

ObjectiveTo evaluate residents’ ability to engage standardized patients in informed decision making during a pregnancy loss scenario.MethodsForty patient encounters between interns and standardized patients were coded to assess informed decision-making practices, exploration of unexpressed concerns, and support provision.ResultsInterns engaged in minimum informed decision making but did not address all of the communicative elements necessary for informed decisions, and most elements were only partially addressed. Patients in this study did not receive information about all management options, their concerns were not addressed, and there was limited support communicated for their decision.ConclusionThis study offers an initial assessment of a communicative approach to evaluate and improve decision making during early pregnancy loss. A comprehensive approach to making informed decisions must include discussion of all management options, exploration of patient preferences and concerns, and support for the patient’s decision.Practice implicationsPhysicians could benefit from communication skills training to communicate more effectively with patients to help them make more informed decisions.     

Education Time Out and Debrief: Structured Implementation of Perioperative Resident Technical Education Discussion

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Very early signs of autism reported by parents include many concerns not specific to autism criteria

This study assessed parents’ first concerns about their autistic child. This information was categorized so that it could help healthcare professionals improve early detection of autism. We designed a questionnaire using an open-ended format, and 459 questionnaires were completed by parents to assess difficulties encountered in obtaining a diagnosis for their child. Answers about their first motive of concerns were categorized and compared with regards to age, gender, birth order, age of onset, delay in seeking professional advice, and delay in diagnosis. Concerns about social development or autistic behaviors were frequent, but not exclusive. Parents were divided into three clusters of concerns: (a) an “early awareness group”: which included motor problems and passivity (14.6 months); (b) “intermediate awareness group”: included emotional, hyperactivity, and sleep problems (15.3 months); and (c) a “later awareness group”: which included communication problems, poor social interaction, and autistic-type behaviors (22.3 months). Parents who noticed general concerns not specific to autism were worried earlier, but received a later diagnosis. We suggest that motor problems, and/or emotional problems, and/or the level of a child's activity should encourage frontline professionals to seek autistic symptoms in infants.     

Differences in Developmental Concerns of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Across Racial/Ethnic Groups

Purpose: Parents/caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have varying types of initial concerns regarding their child’s development, which may be culturally bound to parents’ perceptions of their child’s development. This study investigated differences in the types of initial developmental concerns reported by parents or caregivers of different racial/ethnic groups with children in an early intervention program.

Method: This study examined the frequency of endorsement of different types of concerns in African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic families.

Results: No significant differences between racial/ethnic groups were found in the endorsement of concerns related to communication, language/speech, motor, problem behavior, sensory, feeding, prematurity, attention, adaptive functioning, and medical conditions. Racial/ethnic groups differed significantly in their endorsement for social concerns.

Conclusion: Racial/ethnic group differences were confirmed regarding initial developmental concerns related to social behavior, which may be due to cultural beliefs. The implications of these findings on early identification are discussed.     

Broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by ancestral and B.1.351 AS03-Adjuvanted recombinant Plant-Derived Virus-Like particle vaccines

Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has afflicted hundreds of millions of people in a worldwide pandemic. Several safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines are now available. However, the rapid emergence of variants and risk of viral escape from vaccine-induced immunity emphasize the need to develop broadly protective vaccines. A recombinant plant-derived virus-like particle vaccine for the ancestral COVID-19 (CoVLP) recently authorized by Canadian Health Authorities and a modified CoVLP.B1351 targeting the B.1.351 variant (both formulated with the adjuvant AS03) were assessed in homologous and heterologous prime-boost regimen in mice. Both strategies induced strong and broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against several Variants of Concern (VOCs), including B.1.351/Beta, B.1.1.7/Alpha, P.1/Gamma, B.1.617.2/Delta and B.1.1.529/Omicron strains. The neutralizing antibody (NAb) response was robust with both primary vaccination strategies and tended to be higher for almost all VOCs following the heterologous prime-boost regimen.