正念干预改善运动员心理康复效果的系统综述和Meta分析

目的 综合评价正念干预对运动员心理康复的效果。方法 检索2010年1月1日至2019年12月31日Web of Science、EBSCO、PubMed、Medline、OpenDissertations、Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection、Academic Search Premier、中国知网(CNKI)、维普和万方数据库有关正念干预促进运动员心理康复的研究,对纳入文献进行质量评价,采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入18项研究。正念干预对运动员心理康复即刻效果呈中到大效应量(d= 0.69, 95%CI 0.53~0.86, P< 0.001),但存在发表偏倚。正念组干预的追踪效应量不显著(d= -0.08, 95%CI -0.33~0.16, P= 0.50)。正念干预的康复效果受研究质量的影响(I² = 88.1%, P= 0.004)。结论 正念干预对运动员心理康复的效果主要表现为改善心境,促进流畅体验,提高消极体验的接受性,提高对目标的行动力和提高训练的投入程度。正念干预效果受研究质量的影响。     

Life in the Future Versus Life in the Present

Roemer and Orsillo have provided an integrative perspective for developing more effective therapies for generalized anxiety disorder, based on existing knowledge about the disorder, cognitive behavioral approaches to its treatment, and conceptualizations and treatment methods from the acceptance/mindfulness tradition. The present commentary expands upon the notion of the adaptive value of focused attention on present-moment experience and cognitive perspectives that can facilitate that process.     

Mindfulness-based interventions for eating disorders: The potential to mobilize multiple associative-learning change mechanisms

Mindfulness is a two-component skill that includes mindful awareness (attentional monitoring of present moment experience) and mindful acceptance (adopting an attitude of acceptance toward this experience). Although mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are efficacious for many conditions, there is a lack of research on MBIs for eating disorders (EDs). We propose that MBIs may be promising for EDs given their potential to mobilize not one, but multiple associative-learning change mechanisms in EDs–defined as adaptive processes of change involving one of two forms of associative-learning: Pavlovian and operant learning. We hypothesize how MBIs–via increasing either mindful awareness or mindful acceptance–may mobilize up to eight associative-learning change mechanisms, two involving Pavlovian learning, and six involving operant learning. We also elaborate on similarities and differences between MBIs and CBT approaches for EDs, as well as opportunities for synergy. Finally, we present recommendations for future research related to the development and evaluation of novel MBI interventions for EDs and the testing of mechanisms and patient-treatment matching hypotheses.     

How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry

Yoga is increasingly used in clinical settings for a variety of mental and physical health issues, particularly stress-related illnesses and concerns, and has demonstrated promising efficacy. Yet the ways in which yoga reduces stress remain poorly understood. To examine the empirical evidence regarding the mechanisms through which yoga reduces stress, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, including any yoga intervention that measured stress as a primary dependent variable and tested a mechanism of the relationship with mediation. Our electronic database search yielded 926 abstracts, of which 71 were chosen for further inspection and 5 were selected for the final systematic review. These five studies examined three psychological mechanisms (positive affect, mindfulness and self-compassion) and four biological mechanisms (posterior hypothalamus, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and cortisol). Positive affect, self-compassion, inhibition of the posterior hypothalamus and salivary cortisol were all shown to mediate the relationship between yoga and stress. It is striking that the literature describing potential mechanisms is growing rapidly, yet only seven mechanisms have been empirically examined; more research is necessary. Also, future research ought to include more rigorous methodology, including sufficient power, study randomisation and appropriate control groups.     

The role of mindfulness skills in terms of anxiety-related cognitive risk factors among college students with problematic alcohol use

Background: The aim of the current study was to examine the associations between the specific mindfulness skills of observing, describing, awareness, nonjudgment, and nonreactivity in terms of anxiety sensitivity (AS), distress tolerance (DT), and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) among college students with problematic alcohol use. Methods: Participants were 202 (69.3% male; M_age = 18.96, SD = 2.24, range = 18–45 years) undergraduate college students with problematic alcohol use who completed self-report measures for course credit. Results: Results indicated that after controlling for the effects of gender, smoking status, marijuana use status, and negative affectivity, greater use of the mindfulness skill of observing was associated with higher AS, greater describing was associated with lower AS and higher DT, greater nonjudgment was associated with lower AS and IU and higher DT, and greater nonreactivity was associated with increased DT. Awareness did not significantly predict any of the examined risk factors. Conclusions: These results suggest that specific mindfulness skills are associated with a greater tolerance of physiological, emotional, and uncertain states. An important next step will be to examine whether mindfulness skills are associated with decreased problematic alcohol use due to improvements in these anxiety-related risk factors.     

Exploring views about mindfulness groups for voice-hearing from the perspective of service users and staff: A Q-methodology study

Objectives: Despite prevailing beliefs about the potential benefits and harmfulness of mindfulness for people who hear voices, there is a paucity of research into staff and service user views. Q-methodology was used to explore views about mindfulness groups for voice-hearers. Method: Opportunistic sampling of mental healthcare staff (N?=?14) and service users with psychosis (N?=?17). Both samples were analysed using principle components factor analysis to identify the range of attitudes held by staff and service users. Results: Staff participants were particularly knowledgeable and interested in mindfulness. A single staff consensus factor was found suggesting mindfulness is helpful, and not harmful for mental health, but uncertainty surrounded its usefulness for voice-hearers. Service users held four distinct attitudes: (i) mindfulness helps to calm a racing mind; (ii) mindfulness helps to manage stress; (iii) mindfulness improves well-being, and does not alter the brain, reality beliefs, or cause madness; and (iv) mindfulness helps with managing thoughts, fostering acceptance, and is acceptable when delivered in a group format. Conclusions: Staff viewed mindfulness groups for psychosis as helpful, not harmful, but were uncertain about their utility. Consistent with previous research, service users viewed mindfulness groups as useful to promote well-being and reduce distress for individuals experiencing psychosis.