冲击式二级采样对呼吸粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响

为了验证冲击式二级粉尘采样对呼吸性粉尘与总粉尘浓度比值的影响，作者采用瞬时定点采样方法测定作业场所空气中呼吸性粉尘浓度与总粉尘浓度。结果表明，在采样体积相同的条件下，呼吸性粉尘的比值与总粉尘浓度间具有较好的从属共变关系（ｒ＞０．８），呼吸性粉尘的比值随着总粉尘浓度的升高而相应增大     

Preliminary study of electrocautery smoke particles produced in vitro and during laparoscopic procedures

Background: The objective of this preliminary study was to describe the particles contained in cautery smoke produced during five laparoscopic procedures and verify the collection method during three laboratory experiments on ex vivo animal tissue. Methods: A cascade impactor collected the smoke according to particle size, and particle weights were calculated on an electronic microbalance. Electron microscopic analysis and energy dispersive X-ray evaluation were used to determine particle morphology and elemental composition. Results: The particles, distributed according to size on the seven rotating trays of the impactor, had diameters ranging from 0.05 to >25 m, with most being 0.1–1 m. In vitro experiments yielded more particles, especially larger (>5 m) ones, than the surgical procedures, because the cauterized specimens could be placed much closer to the cascade impactor in the laboratory environment, eliminating most obstacles to particle recovery. In the laparoscopic surgery patients, larger particles, because of their physical properties, were more likely to remain trapped in the abdomen or to drop off in the collection apparatus. Uniformly, two populations of particles were demonstrated—either large, irregular fragments (2–25 m) rich in carbon and oxygen, suggesting structural cellular components, or small homogeneous spheres (0.1–0.5 m) composed of sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium salts. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the presence of breathable areosols and cell-size fragments in the cautery smoke produced during laparoscopic procedures. Their exact chemical composition and potential adverse effects for patients and personnel are not known.     

一种安全实用的致伤工具

为研究创伤的需要,我们研制出了适用于多种动物创伤研究的撞击工具,该装置可预置四个撞击参数。设计的撞击速度为3～50m/s,贯穿速度5～75m/s,撞击动能为0.9～250焦耳(J),压强为0.06～35J/cm~2,有效撞击距离为0～85cm(根据此可计算机体压缩百分比),撞击质量块重200g,S_5射钉弹为驱动撞击质量块的动力源,撞击质量块探头有三种类型,全装置重2.0kg,经狗、兔动物实验结果显示该装置能很好地复制骨折、钝挫伤及贯通伤。是一种安全实用的创伤模型工具。     

两种测定布地奈德气雾剂雾粒分布方法的比较

分别采用中国药典2010年版二级碰撞器法和美国药典35版药用多级碰撞器法(NGI)测定了4批布地奈德气雾剂的雾粒分布,并比较了两种方法的测定结果.结果表明,两种方法测得的雾粒分布基本一致.NGI法更能模拟布地奈德气雾剂在呼吸道中每个部位的沉积情况,获得的空气动力学粒径参数与人类的呼吸道系统一致.为了更好地控制布地奈德气雾剂的质量,有必要在布地奈德气雾剂质量标准中增订NGI法进行雾粒分布检查.     

Gentamicin and leucine inhalable powder: What about antipseudomonal activity and permeation through cystic fibrosis mucus?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the permeation properties of gentamicin (G) in a novel dry powder form for inhalation through an artificial mucus model. Moreover, since respiratory infections sustained by Pseudomonas are a major cause of sickness and death in CF patients, the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to engineered G powders was investigated.     

Jet nebulization of prostaglandin E1 during neonatal mechanical ventilation: Stability, emitted dose and aerosol particle size

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported the safety of aerosolized PGE1 in neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure. The aim of this study is to characterize the physicochemical properties of PGE1 solution, stability, emitted dose and the aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) of PGE1 aerosol in a neonatal ventilator circuit. METHODS: PGE1 was diluted in normal saline and physicochemical properties of the solution characterized. Chemical stability and emitted dose were evaluated during jet nebulization in a neonatal conventional (CMV) or high frequency (HFV) ventilator circuit by a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. The APSD of the PGE1 aerosol was evaluated with a 6-stage cascade impactor during CMV. RESULTS: PGE1 solution in normal saline had a low viscosity (0.9818 cP) and surface tension (60.8 mN/m) making it suitable for aerosolization. Little or no degradation of PGE1 was observed in samples from aerosol condensates, the PGE1 solution infused over 24h, or the residual solution in the nebulizer. The emitted dose of PGE1 following jet nebulization was 32-40% during CMV and 0.1% during HFV. The PGE1 aerosol had a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.4 microm and geometric S.D. of 2.9 with 90% of particles being <4.0 microm in size. CONCLUSION: Nebulization of PGE1 during neonatal CMV or HFV is efficient and results in rapid nebulization without altering the chemical structure. On the basis of the physicochemical properties of PGE1 solution and the APSD of the PGE1 aerosol, one can predict predominantly alveolar deposition of aerosolized PGE1.     

Introduction of the Electrical Next Generation Impactor (eNGI) and Investigation of its Capabilities for the Study of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers

Purpose

To introduce the design of the electrical Next Generation Impactor (eNGI), and validate its proposed function as a method of electrostatic characterization for pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) formulations.

Methods

Flixotide® (fluticasone propionate), Ventolin® (salbutamol sulphate), and QVAR® (beclomethasone dipropionate) were used as model pMDIs in this study. At an airflow rate of 30 l/min, five individual actuations of each pMDI were introduced into the electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), Next Generation Impactor (NGI), and the eNGI. Charge profiles for each actuation were measured by the ELPI and eNGI, while mass profiles were recorded by the all three impactors.

Results

The difference in estimated mass median aerodynamic diameters and geometric standard deviations for all pMDIs using the NGI and eNGI were not found to be statistically significant (p?     

撞击器法评估吸入制剂空气动力学粒径分布的研究进展

空气动力学粒径分布（APSD）是吸入制剂体外质量评价的重要检测项目,级联撞击器法是国际公认的气溶胶APSD测定方法,并且已被多国药典收载。其通过体外模拟气溶胶经过呼吸道到达肺部不同部位的沉积情况,对吸入制剂的研究开发具有重要的指导意义。综述了目前国内外药典收载的双级液体撞击器、多级液体撞击器、马普尔-米勒撞击器、安德森级联撞击器、新一代撞击器等撞击器的主要结构以及应用情况。     

压电天平法PM－10监测仪研制

本课题研制了一种应用压电天平原理，用于室内公共场所监测用的ＰＭ－１０粉尘测定仪。所有大于１０μｍ空气动力直径的颗粒均被仪器入口处的冲击采样器阻留，只允许小于１０μｍ的尘粒通过。仪器使用单片机，可携带、使用非常方便。在传感器表面涂敷一薄层油脂后，仪器对所有小于１０μｍ的尘粒具有相同的灵敏度，可以测出室内真实的可吸入粉尘的浓度。     

Effects of Sampling Chamber Volume and Geometry on Aerodynamic Size Distributions of Metered-Dose Inhalation Aerosols Measured with the Andersen Cascade Impactor

Pharmaceutical Research -