Craving-induced effects of different drug cues on persons abstaining from heroin

Background: The key factors of inducing drug cravings in persons abstaining from drug use remain a focus of addictions research. Given the accumulating evidences, the scope of cues investigated in the cue-reactivity paradigm has increased considerably. Yet, few studies have examined the effects of the intensity and endurance of different types of cues on their ability to induce craving. This study investigated differences among drug-cue words, negative physiological-cue words, and negative social-cue words in the induction of drug cravings among persons abstaining from heroin.

Methods: The sample consisted of 149 male abstinent heroin abusers from four addiction rehabilitation centers in China. Based on their abstinence lengths, they were labeled as short-term, medium-term, and long-term abstainer participants respectively. All participants completed a stress-imagery task and rated craving by visual analog scale.

Results: There was a significant interaction of cue type and abstinence length. There was no difference on the craving induced by three types of cue words in the short-term group. In the medium-term group, craving induced by negative social-cue words was significantly stronger than that by negative physiological-cue words, but not that by drug-cue words. In the long-term group, the craving induced by negative social-cue words remained the strongest, significantly stronger than that by both drug-cue words and negative physiological-cue words.

Conclusion: Negative social-cue words presented in the current study retain the ability to induce craving in heroin abstainers; this finding suggests that negative social cues encountered under more general circumstances could be a risk factor for relapse.     

Wound Botulism Associated with Black Tar Heroin

The incidence of wound botulism is increasing and the epidemiology of the disease is changing. The majority of new cases are associated with injection drug use, in particular, the use of Mexican black tar heroin. This case report and discussion of wound botulism illustrate the following important points: Dysphagia, dysphonia, diplopia, and descending paralysis, in association with injection drug use, should alert the treating physician to the possibility of wound botulism. In such patients, the onset of respiratory failure may be sudden and without clinically obvious signs of respiratory weakness. For the reported patient, maximum inspiratory force measurements were the only reliable indicator of respiratory muscle weakness. This is a measurement not routinely performed in the ED, but may prove essential for patients with suspected wound botulism. To minimize the effect of the botulinum toxin and to decrease length of hospital stay, antitoxin administration and surgical wound debridement should be performed early.     

血红素抑制内皮细胞损伤的形态学观察

目的 探讨血红素对人脐静脉内皮细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用。方法 将培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞进行分组：对照组、损伤组、血红素组。观察各组细胞在光、电镜下形态学的改变。结果 在光镜下，血红素组细胞的生长状态明显优于损伤组；在电镜下，损伤组细胞核固缩，而血红素组细胞核幼稚，核仁明显。结论 在人脐静脉内皮细胞中，血红素对过氧化氢所造成的氧化应激损伤有明显的保护作用。     

102例海洛因依赖患者者戒毒出院后复吸原因分析

对１０２例海洛因依赖患者戒毒出院后操守时间及复吸原因进行分析，发现复吸原因主要与精神依赖及对精神依赖的错误认识等有关，用药维持治疗可明显操守时间．提出在戒毒出院后应采用象治疗神经症或精神病那样的方法来长期维持治疗。     

135例海洛因依赖者乙型肝炎病毒标志检测结果分析

１３５例海洛因依赖者乙型肝炎病毒标志检测结果分析张立学，郑纳新，赖倩（解放军３０７医院．北京．１０００３９）摘要＊＊本文对１３５例海洛因依赖者做乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）标志物栓测，结果显示：ＨＢＶ感染阳性率为６５．９％，ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性携带率为７．４％．...     

海洛因依赖80例临床资料分析

本文对首次住院的８０例海洛因依赖者的临床资料进行分析。男性７２例，女性８例，无职业者４０％。个体户占３５％，工人占２４％，初中文化者占８５％。入院前滥用毒麻药品现象较严重。停止使用海洛因后均出现典型的戒断症状，精神依赖很强。使用丁丙诺啡替代递减疗法近期效果满意。住院期间偷吸毒品现象严重，复吸率极高。     

针刺对海洛因依赖的脱毒疗效及其防复吸潜力的临床研究

目的 比较针刺、针刺加阿片、阿片加丁丙诺啡及阿片加韩氏戒毒仪4种方法的脱毒疗效及其对脱毒末期稽延性戒断症状和心理渴求的影响。方法 应用戒断症状量表观察脱毒疗效，应用视觉类比量表(VAS)研究心理渴求程度。结果 针刺改善海洛困依赖者戒断症状的优势主要表现在治疗的第6天以后，改善渴求心理的优势表现在第8天以后，且无明显副作用。结论 针刺具有防复吸潜力。可作为解决稽延性戒断症状和消除心理依赖的治疗方法。     

海洛因依赖者的神经电生理研究

目的:探讨海洛因依赖者运动诱发电位(MEP),感觉诱发电位(SEP),皮肤交感反应(SSR)检测的临床应用价值。方法:对21例海洛因依赖者和20例正常健康者分别进行MEP、SEP及SSR测定。结果:海洛因依赖者MEP、SEP及SSR与对照组比较有显著性差异。结论:MEP、SEP和SSR异常说明海洛因依赖者神经系统运动、感觉及自主神经传导通路均受到广泛损害,联合应用可提供海洛因依赖者神经系统损害的客观依据。     

海洛因成瘾复吸大鼠脑组织超微结构和部分神经递质的变化

目的：建立海洛因成瘾、脱毒，复成瘾、脱毒，再成瘾、脱毒3个阶段大白鼠模型，了解海洛因致各阶段大白鼠脑损害的动态趋势。方法：电镜下观察脑超微结构变化，荧光分光度法测定脑NA、DA、5-HT等神经递质的含量。结果：3个阶段大鼠脑内多部位神经元胞体、轴突、树突都出现变性、凋亡、胀亡等超微病理结构改变，神经胶质细胞、神经毯也出现相应的超微病理结构改变，而且随复吸次数增多而病变加重。脑NA、DA、5-HT、含量升高，而且随复吸次数增多而升高。结论：大白鼠脑组织出现广泛性超微病理结构改变，随复吸次数增多而病变加重，脑神经递质含量也随复吸次数增多而升高。