Trusting patients, trusting nurses

Abstract  The general expectation that patients should be willing to trust nurses is rarely explored or challenged despite claims of diminishing public trust in social and professional institutions. Everyday meanings of trust take account of circumstance and suggest that our understanding of what it means to trust is contextually bound. However, in the context of health care, to trust implies a particular understanding which becomes apparent when abuses of this trust are reported and acknowledged as scandals. The predominant assumption in the literature that trust is something that occurs between equally competent adults cannot explain trust in nursing precisely because of the unequal power relationships between patients on the one hand and healthcare professionals on the other. Moreover, the tendency to conflate terms such as trust, reliance, confidence and so on suggests that confusion permeates discussions of trust in nursing. In this paper, I argue in support of Annette Baier's requirement of good will (or lack of ill will) as the essential feature of trust, and outline how this account (i) enables us to make the necessary distinctions between trust on the one hand and 'trust pretenders' on the other; and (ii) lays the foundations for understanding trust in relationships, such as those between patients and nurses, where power differentials exist.     

学习优秀与学习不良大学生的学习动机、自我效能和归因的比较

目的：探讨大学生成绩不良的原因和转化途径。方法：用学习动机量表、自我效能感量表和学习归因量表对学习优秀和学习不良的大学生进行测量和对比。结果：①学习优秀的大学生比学习不良的大学生的内部动机强，但两类大学生在外部动机上无差异；②学习优秀的大学生的能力和行为的自我效能水平都比学习不良的大学生高；③在成功归因和失败归因方面，两类大学生无差异。结论：采取措施提高学习不良学生学习的内部动机和自我效能水平，是转化大学生学习不良状况的必要环节。     

Good practices in health promotion for older people – Significance for evidence in health policy

This article is devoted to convincing policy makers to use good practices in encouraging older people to pursue adequate and effective health policies. Long-term scientific research focused on the effects of health promotion programmes is rarely undertaken, although its scope is still expanding. At the same time, it is strongly desirable to form health policy based on scientific evidence. In this situation, an indication of good practices characterised by precisely defined features and their systematic evaluation could be an alternative to an insufficient number of empirical studies. The first step of the methodology was a literature review on health promotion for older people, aimed at defining good practices and criteria used for their selection. The authors searched the following databases: PubMED, Embase and Cochrane Library, as well as international databases dedicated to health promotion programmes for older people (e.g. Age-friendly World ( https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/age-friendly-practice-database-launched ); HealthProElderly ( www.healthproelderly.com/database/index.php?id=16 ); JA-CHRODIS ( www.chrodis.eu ); EuroHealthNet ( www.eurohealthnet.eu ) and ProFouND; ( www.profound.eu.com ). As relevant health policy information is usually available in national languages, the authors then approached national experts in 10 European countries, who filled in a dedicated survey on health promotion programmes for older people and indicated examples of good practices from their countries. Practical evidence, based on real implemented programmes, is valuable as inspiration for health promotion programmes, their planning and management. Selecting good practices from among implemented and evaluated actions makes it possible to establish their value. The significance of good practices in health promotion is to deliver real benefits and health effects for a target group, which, in the case of evident benefits, renders the practices credible and worthy of further dissemination. The EU already successfully shares good practices in migrant health and environmental protection. Creating databases on good practices helps policy makers promote the sustainability of already implemented activities and enhances their applicability by other organisations and in different settings.     

略论《内经》的形神兼养理论及意义

形神兼养理论是中医养生思想体系中的重要组成部分 ,通过对《内经》相关文献的整理研究 ,试从辨证的形神一体观和具体的形神兼养大法两个方面对这一理论进行全面的探讨和总结 ,使之进一步系统化、理论化 ,并阐述了它的现实意义。为医学模式的转变提供理论依据 ;为现代心身医学的建立和养生保健提供宝贵经验和理论指导     

Comments on 'the great legalization debate'

The debate over the legalization of drugs should be encouraged so that an appropriate and acceptable strategy can be formulated. Any policy should be based on the available data which should not be used selectively to establish an ideological position. Ultimately, the policy should be determined by what outcomes are considered to be the most desirable, taking into account both short term and long term objectives.     

从白术总多糖中抗肿瘤有效成分的变化试论GAP的重要性

目的:研究白术药材中总多糖(AMP-O1)的质量,探讨其影响因素及控制方法.方法:采用水提、醇沉、透析和冷冻干燥等方法从白术药材中提AMP-O1.以AMP-O1中抗肿瘤活性成分AMP-Ⅰ的含量以及中性糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质含量为指标对药材质量进行评价.结合文献报道论述在白术药材生产中影响药材质量的各种因素和施行GAP管理的重要性.结果:发现从同一产地所购6批白术药材质量存在极大差异.结论:白术药材中AMP-O1质量受生产中多种因素综合影响,为保证其产量和质量,在生产过程中施行GAP管理是非常重要的.     

Prosopo-Thoracopagus Conjoined Twins and Other Cephalopagus-Thoracopagus Intermediates: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Prosopo-thoracopagus twins are united from the face down to the umbilicus, none with union in the brain but all with visceral anomalies intermediate between those of cephalopagus and thoracopagus. In a review of over 1200 cases of conjoined twins reported during the past 100 years, there were 14 that illustrate the continuum between cephalopagus and thoracopagus, including three that were united only from the cervical region to the umbilicus. Classic cephalopagus twins are joined from the top of the head to the umbilicus, sharing a single foregut as well as two relatively normal hearts, the “posterior” one often diminished. Typical thoracopagus, however, are conjoined only from the upper thorax to the umbilicus, each twin with a normal foregut but both sharing a single complex multiventricular heart. The intermediate cases shared either a single very abnormal heart or two hearts united by double aortic arches, and all except one had a single foregut. It is these cases intermediate between cephalopagus and thoracopagus which are the subject of this report. Received September 11, 1996; accepted December 16, 1996     

The Rehabilitation of Offenders: Reducing Risk and Promoting Better Lives

This article examines the nature of offender rehabilitation and briefly reviews the effectiveness of correctional interventions in reducing recidivism. It then outlines the two most prominent contemporary theories of offender rehabilitation: the Risk-Need-Responsivity Model and the Good Lives Model (GLM). Our aim is to introduce these two broad rehabilitation frameworks and analyse their practice implications. We conclude that the GLM can offer an alternative view of offender rehabilitation that seeks to help offenders live more fulfilling lives while also reducing risk.