我国医院药学的形成与发展

本文通过对医院药学的形成与发展的讨论,旨在确立该学科(也可说领域)的学术技术内容,尽快形成一个完善的学科,以利推进临床药物治疗学的发展,推进医药科学的进步。     

Chironomids fail to emerge from LAS-contaminated water

The effect of the surfactant LAS was investigated on chironomid emergence using six outdoor artificial channels. The concentrations of LAS were mostly between 1 and 2 mgl^-1 in the three treated channels. Chironomus yoshimatsui, Cricotopus tamapullus, Eukiefferiella coerescens, Eukiefferiella sp. and Thienemanniella majuscula were the major chironomids obtained with emergence traps. The number of midges trapped did not differ significantly between the treatment and the control for either of the species. On the other hand, the ratios of midges failing to emerge to the total midges trapped was significantly higher in the treatment than in the control for all of the species. The results show that chironomids emergence is difficult as a result of LAS treatment probably due to the lowered surface tension.     

Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: XIII. Primary teeth emergence

The aim of this study was to investigate the number of emerged primary teeth at various ages from 6 to 24 months in 1347 longitudinally followed Pakistan infants sampled from four socio-economically different areas in Lahore, Pakistan; from a very poor periurban slum to a privileged upper middle class group. The emergence of the primary teeth was found to be little, or not all related to sex or to the area of living. However, in comparison with studies conducted in other continents, the Indo-Pak subcontinent population lags behind in primary teeth emergence, especially in early life. This genetic difference makes it necessary to create specific standards of primary teeth emergence for this population.     

Genetic analysis of cercarial emergence rhythms ofSchistosoma mansoni

Using two chronobiological variants ofSchistosoma mansoni (a blood fluke infecting man) from Guadeloupe (French West Indies), we carried out experimental crossbreeding between schistosomes with an early and those with a late cercarial shedding pattern. The results obtained on the F₁ (intermediate shedding patterns) and F₂ generations (early, intermediate, and late patterns) demonstrate that the cercarial emergence rhythms of schistosomes are genetically determined. This genetic variability is interpreted as a consequence of the selective pressure exerted by the two different hosts (man and rat) implicated in the life cycle ofS. mansoni from the Guadeloupean focus of schistosomiasis.This work received financial support from the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the CNRS.     

全凭静脉与吸入全身麻醉苏醒期躁动发生率的临床观察

目的比较丙泊酚、地氟烷、七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生情况。方法90例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期全身麻醉下行乳腺癌根治术及鼓室成形术。随机分成三组：丙泊酚组、地氟烷组、七氟烷组。观察各组苏醒期躁动发生率和睁眼时间、拔管时间,监测躁动发生前后血压、心率及脉搏血氧饱和度。结果地氟烷组和七氟烷组苏醒期躁动发生率分别为31．03％和33．33％,高于丙泊酚组的3．33％（P〈0．05）;睁眼时间、拔管时间差异不具有显著性意义（P〉0．05）;躁动发生前后血压、脉搏血氧饱和度差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）,而心率在躁动发生后明显增快（P〈0．05）。结论地氟烷、七氟烷吸入麻醉苏醒期躁动发生率明显高于丙泊酚全身麻醉。     

Identifying c-fos Expression as a Strategy to Investigate the Actions of General Anesthetics on the Central Nervous System

Although general anesthetics have been used in the clinic for more than 170 years, the ways in which they induce amnesia, unconsciousness, analgesia, and immobility remain elusive. Modulations of various neural nuclei and circuits are involved in the actions of general anesthetics. The expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos and its nuclear product, c-fos protein, can be induced by neuronal depolarization; therefore, c-fos staining is commonly used to identify the activated neurons during sleep and/or wakefulness, as well as in various physiological conditions in the central nervous system. Identifying c-fos expression is also a direct and convenient method to explore the effects of general anesthetics on the activity of neural nuclei and circuits. Using c-fos staining, general anesthetics have been found to interact with sleep- and wakefulness-promoting systems throughout the brain, which may explain their ability to induce unconsciousness and emergence from general anesthesia. This review summarizes the actions of general anesthetics on neural nuclei and circuits based on a c-fos expression.     

A Novel Flavi-like Virus in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Crops along the Snake River Valley

Alfalfa is an important perennial forage crop in Idaho supporting dairy and cattle industries that is typically grown in the same field for as many as 4 years. Alfalfa stands of different ages were subjected to screening for viruses using high-throughput sequencing and RT-PCR. The two most common viruses found were alfalfa mosaic virus and bean leafroll virus, along with Medicago sativa amalgavirus, two alphapartitiviruses, and one deltapartitivirus. Additionally, a new flavi-like virus with an unusual genome organization was discovered, dubbed Snake River alfalfa virus (SRAV). The 11,745 nt, positive-sense (+) RNA genome of SRAV encodes a single 3835 aa polyprotein with only two identifiable conserved domains, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and a predicted serine protease. Notably, unlike all +RNA virus genomes in the similar size range, the SRAV polyprotein contained no predicted helicase domain. In the RdRP phylogeny, SRAV was placed inside the flavi-like lineage as a sister clade to a branch consisting of hepaci-, and pegiviruses. To the best of our knowledge, SRAV is the first flavi-like virus identified in a plant host. Although commonly detected in alfalfa crops in southern Idaho, SRAV sequences were also amplified from thrips feeding in alfalfa stands in the area, suggesting a possible role of Frankliniella occidentalis in virus transmission.     

Antibacterial Drug Discovery & Development Summit

Over 100 senior researchers and managers from academic and industrial research organisations attended this 2-day annual international discovery summit on antibacterial R&D. A number of firms, particularly biotechnology firms, presented compounds that are advancing through clinical development. In addition, areas for basic research and development included metallo-β-lactamases, ribosomal structural studies and phage-selected targets were described.