Cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and relative CO2 reactivity during neurolept anaesthesia in patients subjected to craniotomy for supratentorial cerebral tumours

In 10 patients subjected to craniotomy for supratentorial cerebral tumours in neurolept anaesthesia, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) were measured twice peroperatively by a modification of the Kety & Schmidt technique, using 133Xe. The relative CO2 reactivity was assessed indirectly as the % change of the arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVDO2) per mm change in PaCO2. The patients were premedicated with diazepam 10-15 mg perorally. For induction, thiopentone 4-6 mg/kg, droperidol 0.2 mg/kg and fentanyl 5 micrograms/kg were used, and for maintenance N2O 67% and fentanyl 4 micrograms/kg/h. During the first flow measurement the median and range of CBF was 30 ml/100 g/min (range 17-45), of AVDO2 8.0 vol % (range 4.1-9.5), and of CMRO2 2.28 ml O2/100 g/min (range 1.57-2.84). During the second CBF study, AVDO2 increased to 9.3 vol % (range 3.4-11) (P less than 0.05), and CMRO2 increased to 2.51 ml O2/100 g/min (range 1.88-3.00) P less than 0.05, while CBF was unchanged. The CO2 reactivity was present in all studies, median 1.8%/mmHg (range 0.5-15.1). The correlation coefficients between jugular venous oxygen tension/saturation, respectively, and CBF were high at tensions/saturations exceeding 4.0 kPa and 55%, indicating that hyperperfusion is easily unveiled by venous samples from the jugular vein during this anaesthesia.     

A Retrospective Review of the Use and Safety of Droperidol in a Large, High-risk, Inner-city Emergency Department Patient Population

Droperidol (DROP) is used in the emergency department (ED) for sedation, analgesia, and its antiemetic effect. Its ED safety profile has not yet been reported in patients (pts). OBJECTIVES: To document the use of DROP in high-risk pts (those with head injury, alcohol or cocaine intoxication, and/or remote or recent seizures), and to determine the number of serious and minor adverse events (AEs)-seizures, hypotension, extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs)-after DROP. METHODS: The ED database (EmSTAT) was queried to determine who received intramuscular or intravenous DROP in the ED in 1998; further chart review was done if the patient was considered high risk for or had experienced an AE. Multiple regression analysis using a random-effects model determined the significance of each variable in the occurrence of AEs. RESULTS: 2,468 patients (aged 20 months to 98 years; 112 < or =17 years; 141 > or =66 years) received DROP for agitation (n = 1,357), pain (1,135), anxiety (99), vomiting (173), or other reasons (50). There were 945 pts considered high risk; 933 charts were reviewed (DROP mean dose 4.1 +/- 2.0 mg); of these, 50 patient visits did not meet the criteria for high risk. There were 622 pts with head trauma (401 with alcohol use), including 47 with computed tomography (CT) scans positive for brain injury, 64 with cocaine use, and 197 with recent or remote seizures (137 with alcohol use). Minor AEs such as transient hypotension occurred in 96 pts after DROP (73 with alcohol use); 20 received intravenous fluids, while an additional 28 pts (8 with alcohol use) received rescue medications for EPSEs. Six possible serious AEs occurred in pts with serious comorbidities; 2 cases of respiratory depression, 3 post-DROP seizures, and 1 cardiac arrest (resuscitated) 11 hours after DROP in a cocaine-intoxicated pt (normal QT interval). There was no significant difference among high-risk groups in the occurrence of AEs. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of pts who received DROP in the ED did not experience an AE. A few serious AEs were noted following DROP in patients with serious comorbidities; it is not clear that DROP was causative.     

小剂量芬太尼和氟哌啶静注对吸入七氟醚快速麻醉诱导的影响

为观察小剂量芬太尼和氟哌啶对吸入七氟醚快速麻醉诱导的影响。分别于吸入七氟醚后５ｍｉｎ（第１组）和吸前２ｍｉｎ（第２组）静注小剂量芬太尼（２μｇ／ｋｇ）及氟哌啶（０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ）。结果：病人意识消失时间第１组（８７±３７）ｓ，第２组（３９±１１）ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；深呼吸次数第１组（１４．０±５．３）次；第２组（４．０±０．７）次（Ｐ＜０．０１）。２组病人诱导及插管过程中循环反应相对较小。提示：在小剂量芬太尼及氟哌啶静注基础上吸入七氟醚继续行麻醉诱导其临床效果更佳，插管反应更小     

Prevention of nausea and vomiting with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Nausea and vomiting during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section are distressing to the patient. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in parturients undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.
Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 120 patients received granisetron 3 mg, droperidol 1.25 mg, metoclopramide 10 mg or placebo (saline) ( n =30 of each) i. v. immediately after clamping of the foetal umbilical cord. Nausea, vomiting and safety assessments were performed during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Results: The incidence of intraoperative, post-delivery nausea and vomiting was 13%, 17%, 20% and 63% after administration of granisetron, droperidol, metoclopramide and placebo, respectively; the corresponding incidence during 0–3 h after surgery was 7%, 27%, 27% and 43%; the corresponding incidence during 3–24 h after surgery was 7%, 20%, 23% and 37% ( P <0.05; overall Fisher's exact probability test). No clinically important adverse events were observed in any of the groups.
Conclusion: Granisetron is highly effective for preventing nausea and vomiting during and after spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Droperidol and metoclopramide are effective for the prevention of intraoperative, post-delivery emesis, but are ineffective for the reduction of the incidence of postoperative emesis.     

Treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting: comparison of propofol,droperidol and metoclopramide

Purpose  

To compare the efficacy of propofol in a subhypnotic dose (10 mg iv), droperidol (1.25 mg iv), or metoclopramide (10 mg iv) in the treatment of PONV in the post anaesthesia care unit (PACU).     

恩丹西酮与氟哌啶预防术后镇痛恶心呕吐的效果比较

目的比较研究恩丹西酮与氟哌啶在预防术后镇痛引起恶心呕吐的效果.方法选择硬膜外麻醉下行腹部手术患者90例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,男15例,女75例,年龄22～55岁,体重45～90 kg,随机分3组:Ⅰ组:对照组,不加止吐剂,Ⅱ期:氟哌啶5 mg,Ⅲ组:恩丹西酮8 mg.术毕接PAC泵行吗啡PCEA,观察术后镇痛的效果、血液动力学变化、恶心呕吐等副作用发生率,记录术毕、术后12、24、48 h的SBP、DBP、HR、SPO2.结果3组患者术毕、术后12、24、48 h的SBP、DBP、HR、SPO2无显著变化.3组患者手术后镇痛均取得满意效果,组间比较差异无显著性(P>0.05).PONV发生情况,氟哌啶组明显少于对照组(P<0.05),恩丹西酮组又明显低于氟哌啶组,差异有显著性(P<0.01).结论恩丹西酮能有效地防止术后镇痛引起恶心呕吐.     

右美托咪定在臂丛神经阻滞麻醉中的应用

目的探讨右美托咪定用于辅助臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果。方法 60例上肢手术患者随机分为2组,每组30例,均选用肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。穿刺找到异感后注射0.375%罗哌卡因10mL+1%利多卡因10mL局部麻醉,15min后麻醉效果确定、切皮无疼痛感后,试验组10min内静脉泵注右美托咪定1μg·kg~(-1),后以0.5μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持30min;对照组则静脉注射氟芬合剂2mL(含氯哌利多2.5mg和芬太尼0.05mg)。记录不同时点患者的心率、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、呼吸频率,并进行OAA/S镇静评分。结果 2组给药后,各时点OAA/S评分均降低,与给药前相比差异显著(P<0.05),停药后20min试验组OAA/S评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组患者用药后心率减慢(P<0.05),对照组无明显变化。试验组患者给药及维持期间SpO_2、呼吸频率无明显变化,对应时点对照组患者5pO_2、呼吸频率有所下降,2组差异显著(P<0.05)。2组术后均无发生恶心、呕吐,患者对术中评价满意。结论右美托咪定用于臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,对清醒患者有明显镇静效应并可被唤醒,无呼吸抑制情况,但会使患者心率减慢。     

Small doses of droperidol do not present relevant torsadogenic actions: a double-blind,ondansetron-controlled study

AIM

Drugs used for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis are believed to provoke torsadogenic changes in cardiac repolarization. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of small doses of droperidol on the parameters of cardiac repolarization, including the QT_c interval and transmural dispersion of repolarization.

METHODS

A total of 75 patients were randomly allocated to receive 0.625 or 1.25 mg droperidol or 8 mg ondansetron. The QT_c interval was calculated using Bazett''s formula and the Framingham correction. The transmural dispersion of repolarization was determined as T_peak–T_end time.

RESULTS

Transient QT prolongation, corrected with both formulae, followed 1.25 mg of droperidol 10 min after administration. No change in the QT_c value was observed in the other groups. When corrected with Bazett''s formula, QT_c was prolonged above 480 ms in two patients receiving 1.25 mg droperidol (at the 10^th and 20^th minute of the study) and in one receiving ondansetron. No patients developed a QT_cB prolongation over 500 ms. No increase above 480 ms was observed relative to the Framingham correction method. There were no significant differences in the T_peak–T_end time either between or within the groups.

CONCLUSION

In men without cardiovascular disorders small doses (1.25 mg) of droperidol prophylaxis induced transient QT_c prolongation without changes in transmural dispersion of repolarization. The apparently low risk of the drug applies only in low risk male patients with a low pro-QT_c score.     

Oral ondansetron,tropisetron or metoclopramide to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a comparison in high-risk patients undergoing thyroid or parathyroid surgery

BACKGROUND: Oral antiemetic prophylaxis may be a practical alternative to intravenous administration. Intravenous ondansetron and tropisetron prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) at least as efficiently as traditional antiemetics, droperidol and metoclopramide. We tested the hypothesis that the incidence of PONV after oral ondansetron or tropisetron prophylaxis is lower compared with metoclopramide among high-risk patients. METHODS: In a prospective, double-blind study we studied 179 high-risk patients who received either ondansetron 16 mg, tropisetron 5 mg, or metoclopramide 10 mg orally 1 h before the operation. A standard general anesthetic technique and postoperative analgesia were used. The incidence of PONV and the need for rescue antiemetic medication was recorded for 24 h. RESULTS: In the postanesthesia care unit, the incidence of PONV was lower after premedication with tropisetron compared with ondansetron and metoclopramide (15%, 32% and 39%, respectively). The incidence of PONV during 0-24 h was the same in each group (68%, 58% and 75% in the ondansetron, tropisetron and metoclopramide group, respectively), but the incidence of vomiting was significantly lower after ondansetron (34%) and tropisetron (22%) prophylaxis compared with metoclopramide (53%). The need for additional antiemetics was significantly lower after tropisetron prophylaxis compared with metoclopramide. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher after tropisetron than after metoclopramide. CONCLUSIONS: In the initial period, the incidence of PONV was lower after premedication with oral tropisetron than after ondansetron or metoclopramide. Considering the entire 24-h postoperative period, the incidence of PONV was the same after all three premedications, but the incidence of vomiting was lower after oral ondansetron and tropisetron than after metoclopramide.     

托烷司琼在高血压患者术后PCIA中的应用研究

目的 观察不同剂量托烷司琼和复合抗精神病药时用于高血压患者术后静脉镇痛对血流动力学影响和对恶心、呕吐的抑制作用及不良反应,寻求一种比较理想的用于高血压患者的术后静脉镇痛配方.方法 400例择期行上腹部全麻手术的高血压患者,随机双盲分为5组,每组各80例.全麻苏醒后行PCIA,镇痛药均为芬太尼0.8mg,镇吐药A组托烷司琼2mg、B组托烷司琼4mg、D组托烷司琼2mg 氟哌利多1.25mg,E组托烷司琼4mg 氟哌利多2.5mg,C组为对照组,用生理盐水稀释成200ml.观察各组的血流动力学变化、镇痛效果、发生恶心、呕吐的患者数及严重程度、头晕、头痛、椎体外系症状、嗜睡、瘙痒等不良反应.结果 各组患者性别、年龄、体重、麻醉持续时间、术中生命体征及术后镇痛效果比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);患者自主按压次数实验组明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);A、B组术后MAP升高(P＜0.05),D、E组MAP变化不明显(P＞0.05);发生恶心、呕吐患者数及严重程度评分的比较中,实验组均优于对照组(P＜0.05);其它不良反应的发生率实验组均低于对照组(P＜0.05),但以D组发生率最低.结论 托烷司琼用于高血压患者术后PCIA有明显的镇吐效果,但随剂量增加对高血压患者的血压有一定的升高作用,合用氟哌利多不但加强了托烷司琼的镇吐作用,同时能维持高血压患者术后的血流动力学稳定和减少不良反应的发生,就高血压患者而言,D组是一种安全、有效的、值得推广的术后PCIA配方.