Kidney transplant monitoring by anti donor specific antibodies

Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies were studied by cytotoxicity crossmatching (CTXM) and flow cytometry crossmatching (FCXM) in 117 kidney transplant candidates; the same study was carried out in 33 cadaver-donor kidney recipients, during the first 3 post-transplant months, for which donor cells were available. Pre-transport evaluation showed that 82.9 % of subjects were CTXM negative/FCXM negative, 6.8 % of patients were positive in both tests, and 10.3 % were CTXM negative/FCCM positive. Post-transplant monitoring for donor-specific antibodies (Abs-DS) showed that nine recipients (27.3 %) were FCXM positive; six of them were IgG + and three IgM +. In comparing these results with the clinical course, a significant association between FCXM IgG + and rejection episodes was observed (P < 0.01).     

Cross-match-compatible platelets improve corrected count increments in patients who are refractory to randomly selected platelets

Background

Cross-match-compatible platelets are used for the management of thrombocytopenic patients who are refractory to transfusions of randomly selected platelets. Data supporting the effectiveness of platelets that are compatible according to cross-matching with a modified antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA or MACE) are limited. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cross-match-compatible platelets in an unselected group of refractory patients.

Materials and methods

One hundred ABO compatible single donor platelet transfusions given to 31 refractory patients were studied. Patients were defined to be refractory if their 24-hour corrected count increment (CCI) was <5×10⁹/L following two consecutive platelet transfusions. Platelets were cross-matched by MACE and the CCI was determined to monitor the effectiveness of platelet transfusions.

Results

The clinical sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the MACE-cross-matched platelets for post-transfusion CCI were 88%, 54.6%, 39.3% and 93.2%, respectively. The difference between adequate and inadequate post-transfusion 24-hour CCI for MACE cross-matched-compatible vs incompatible single donor platelet transfusions was statistically significant (p=0.000). The 24-hour CCI (mean±SD) was significantly higher for cross-match-compatible platelets (9,250±026.6) than for incompatible ones (6,757.94±2,656.5) (p<0.0001). Most of the incompatible cross-matches (73.2%) were due to anti-HLA antibodies, alone (55.3% of cases) or together with anti-platelet glycoprotein antibodies (17.9%).

Discussion

The clinical sensitivity and negative predictive value of platelet cross-matching by MACE were high in this study and such tests may, therefore, be used to select compatible platelets for refractory patients. A high negative predictive value demonstrates the greater chance of an adequate response with cross-matched-compatible platelets.     

新型血小板毛细管交叉配型法探讨

目的建立一种简便、易行的新型血小板交叉配型法。方法将受者血浆和供者血小板在试管中混匀并加入适量助色剂,吸入毛细管中孵育10 min。以微柱凝胶检测试验(MGT)作为对照试验方法。结果血小板配血不符时,因血小板凝集导致混合液不易从毛细管中挤出,且挤出时在生理盐水中呈蓝色条带状;血小板配型相符时,混合液能较为容易地从毛细管中挤出,且挤出后在生理盐水中迅速散开,无蓝色条带形成。检测结果与MGT一致。结论所建立血小板毛细管交叉配型法具有一定的优点,值得进一步深入研究。     

全自动血型仪与手工试管法检测血型的比较研究

目的通过评价全自动血型仪在临床血型鉴定中应用的可靠性和准确性,探讨全自动血型仪取代传统手工法检测血型的临床意义。方法分别用全自动血型仪和传统手工试管法检测我院2009年1月～2011年12月1 861例有供血需求的患者的血液样本,统计分析两种方法对ABO血型及Rh（D）阴性检测结果的差异,分析血型判读错误的原因。结果全自动血型仪与手工试管法检测血型,其血型判读结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但仪器法的准确性更高。结论仪器法对于ABO血型及Rh（D）阴性鉴定结果的可靠性及效率均较高,避免了人为差错,更适合临床推广。     

微柱凝胶免疫检测卡在临床输血中的应用

目的:应用两种微柱凝胶免疫检测卡在不规则抗体筛查、交叉配血试验和直接抗人球蛋白试验中观察两者间的差异性及与传统试管法作比较。方法:应用Diamed和Biovue两种免疫检测卡对本院住院患者的血标本进行上述对比试验,凝聚胺试剂试管法进行交叉配血试验。结果:显示两种免疫检测卡做不规则抗体筛查、交叉配血试验和直接抗人球蛋白试验的符合率分别为100%、100%、99.7%,符合率完全相同。结论:两种免疫检测卡之间虽然存在着部分差异,但都可以捕捉到十分微弱的抗原抗体反应且符合率相同,比手工操作简便、标准化、易于保存,对临床安全输血有极大的帮助。     

ABO血型不相容亲属活体肾移植围手术期护理

目的总结ABO血型不相容亲属活体肾移植（ABO-incompatible living-relative kidney transplantation,ABO-ILKT）供、受者围手术期护理经验。方法对5例供者、5例受者进行ABO-ILKT围手术期护理,观察供、受者的心理特点和治疗特征,制定个体化护理方案。结果5例供者肾功能均在术后1周内恢复正常,2周内出院,未出现严重并发症 5例受者均未出现超急性排斥反应和急性排斥反应 全部供、受者肾功能恢复良好。结论ABO-ILKT围手术期护理要从供、受者心理、生理、疾病治疗和伦理学等全方位进行,以促进其康复 临床护理经验仍需不断总结。     

Re‐examination of the Lymphocytotoxic Crossmatch in Liver Transplantation: Can C4d Stains Help in Monitoring?

C4d-assisted recognition of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) from donor-specific antibody-positive (DSA+) renal allograft recipients prompted study of DSA+ liver allograft recipients as measured by lymphocytotoxic crossmatch (XM) and/or Luminex. XM results did not influence patient or allograft survival, or cellular rejection rates, but XM+ recipients received significantly more prophylactic steroids. Endothelial C4d staining strongly correlates with XM+ (<3 weeks posttransplantation) and DSA+ status and cellular rejection, but not with worse Banff grading or treatment response. Diffuse C4d staining, XM+, DSA+ and ABO- incompatibility status, histopathology and clinical-serologic profile helped establish an isolated AMR diagnosis in 5 of 100 (5%) XM+ and one ABO-incompatible, recipients. C4d staining later after transplantation was associated with rejection and nonrejection-related causes of allograft dysfunction in DSA- and DSA+ recipients, some of whom had good outcomes without additional therapy. Liver allograft FFPE C4d staining: (a) can help classify liver allograft dysfunction; (b) substantiates antibody contribution to rejection; (c) probably represents nonalloantibody insults and/or complete absorption in DSA- recipients and (d) alone, is an imperfect AMR marker needing correlation with routine histopathology, clinical and serologic profiles. Further study in late biopsies and other tissue markers of liver AMR with simultaneous DSA measurements are needed.     

Effect of blood group matching on liver transplant survival rates

From the immunological standpoint,^1–5 liver allografts are more resistant to hyperacute rejection than are other solid organ grafts. Therefore, until recently, donor/recipient blood type (ABO type), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, and crossmatch tests were not considered in clinical liver transplantation. In this report, we demonstrated that: (a) crossing the ABO barrier must be avoided except in extreme emergency; (b) HLA class I matching effect on liver allografts is as acceptable as in kidney transplantation, although, with regard to the effect of Class II matches, there are remarkable differences depending on the patients' original disease; and (c) anti-donor lymphocytotoxic antibodies (positive crossmatch) adversely affect liver allograft survival rates.     

Flow cytometric crossmatching and outcome one year after renal transplantation

Previous studies have shown that flow cytometric crossmatch assays can identify an at risk population in renal transplantation [1–5]. We used the assay for recipient selection for 1 year. Recipients with donor T cell directed IgG were excluded from transplantation and those with B cell directed IgG were treated with increased immunosuppression. The transplants performed over this period (n = 126) were compared with an earlier series (n = 118) in which flow cytometric crossmatch results did not influence patient management. The results were evaluated for mortality and graft outcome at 3 months and 1 year. In addition, postoperative complications and duration of hospital stay were also assessed.