连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过联合机械通气治疗ARDS的临床观察

目的　观察连续性静脉 -静脉血液滤过 (CVVH)联合机械通气治疗ARDS患者的临床疗效。方法　选择入住ICU符合ARDS诊断标准的患者 4 0例 ,随机分为 2组 :A组 2 1例 ,采用常规治疗 +机械通气 ;B组 1 9例 ,采用常规治疗 +机械通气 +CVVH。分别观察 2组患者在使用呼吸机时间、氧合指数、吸入氧浓度、动脉血氧分压、PEEP水平、心率、血压及病死率等方面的差别。结果　A、B两组患者在病因、年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分及平均脏器功能障碍数等方面相似 ,B组患者加用CVVH后 ,各项指标经统计学处理显示 :病死率 ,B组与A组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) :其他指标与A组比较 ,差异均有高度显著性意义 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　CVVH疗法可有效清除ARDS患者血管外肺水和各种应激激素、致炎介质 ,明显改善了ARDS患者肺部氧合功能及血流动力学指标 ,提高了抢救成功率     

Modified Ultrafiltration Attenuates Dilutional Coagulopathy in Pediatric Open Heart Operations

Background. Extreme hemodilution caused by relatively large prime volumes required for cardiopulmonary bypass in infants causes a dilutional coagulopathy, characterized by low concentrations of fibrinogen and other circulating coagulation factors. Modified ultrafiltration results in hemoconcentration and is associated with decreases in postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in children. This study was undertaken to quantify the effect of modified ultrafiltration on concentrations of fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and platelets in infants and small children.

Methods. Twenty patients less than 15 kg were studied. Cardiopulmonary bypass circuits were primed with crystalloid solutions. Red blood cells were added during cardiopulmonary bypass for hematocrits less than 15%. Colloid solutions were not administered. Concentrations of fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and platelets, and hematocrit were measured before cardiopulmonary bypass, before modified ultrafiltration, and after modified ultrafiltration.

Results. Modified ultrafiltration was associated with significant (p < 0.001) increases in hematocrit (19% ± 6% to 31% ± 9%), fibrinogen (65 ± 29 to 101 ± 45 mg/dL), and total plasma proteins (2.7 ± 0.3 to 4.9 ± 0.7 g/dL), but no change (p = 0.129) in platelet count.

Conclusions. We conclude that modified ultrafiltration significantly attenuates the dilutional coagulopathy associated with cardiopulmonary bypass in infants.     

Pharmacokinetics of piperacillin and tazobactam in critically ill patients with renal failure, treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH)

Objective: Kinetics of piperacillin (pip), in combination with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam (taz) have been studied in volunteers and patients in relatively stable conditions. The fixed drug preparation appeared to have ideal pharmacokinetic properties if renal function was normal or slightly impaired, but no data are available for critically ill patients in anuric renal failure. This study should provide such data. Patients, design: We studied the pharmacokinetics in nine patients with multiple organ failure, including anuric renal failure, treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH). Patients received a standard schedule of 4 g pip and 0.5 g taz administered over 0.5 h intravenously, 8 hourly. During 2 consecutive days, the serum levels of both compounds were determined, and total clearance (CI_T) was calculated from serum concentrations. Results: All nine patients completed day 1, and 8 completed day 2 of the protocol. On day 1, single-dose kinetics showed considerable spread, but pip/taz serum levels followed the pattern as expected, with a pip / taz concentration ratio of 20 : 1. On day 2, however, taz serum concentrations showed a relative increase as compared to pip, resulting in a change in the serum pip/taz concentration ratio to 10 : 1 on day 2. The CI_T of pip was 2.52 ± 1.38 l/h (t ¹/₂ : 5.9 ± 2.9 h), and CI_T of taz 4.44 ± 2.28 l/h (t ¹/₂ : 8.1 ± 3.7 h). The CI_T and t ¹/₂ of pip and taz correlated highly significantly with clearance by CVVH. Despite a higher CI_T, taz has a longer half-life, because of a higher volume of distribution. Conclusion: In CVVH dependent patients, pip/taz fixed drug preparations can be used initially, but the pip dosage should be increased relative to that of taz (or interval-adjusted) to prevent cumulation of taz, as compared to the active antimicrobial agent pip. Received: 19 February 1997 Accepted: 20 May 1997     

硬膜外镇痛联合应用乙酰氨基酚在剖宫产术后的镇痛效果

目的：比较对乙酰氨基酚联合自控硬膜外镇痛的多模式术后镇痛与单纯自控硬膜外镇痛用于剖宫产产妇术后镇痛效果。方法：200名行剖宫产的产妇随机分为实验组（S组）和对照组（C组）,S组产妇在术前15min静脉注射对乙酰氨基酚1g,C组产妇在术前15min静脉注射安慰剂（生理盐水）。两组产妇均采用腰硬联合麻醉方案,缝合切口时启动自控硬膜外镇痛泵。术前、术后即刻、术后1天、术后2天观察疼痛强度和血清IL-6、IL -10水平;记录新生儿出生Apgar评分、术后阿片类药物使用量及术后不良反应、产妇满意度和对母乳喂养的影响程度。结果：术后1天疼痛评分S组显著低于C组。术后即刻、术后1天S组IL-6表达水平低于C组,而该时点S组IL-10表达水平高于C组（P＜0.05）。两组间不良反应、新生儿出生Apgar评分、产妇满意度和母乳喂养情况无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：剖宫产术前静脉注射对乙酰氨基酚联合自控硬膜外镇痛比单独应用自控硬膜外镇痛能够为产妇提供更好的术后疼痛管理。     

暴发性急性胰腺炎38例治疗分析

目的：探讨暴发性急性胰腺炎的治疗方法.方法：回顾性分析从1991年1月至2005年12月收治的38例暴发性急性胰腺炎病例,分为急诊手术治疗、非手术治疗和非手术治疗结合早期手术治疗3细观察疗效.结果：38例中存活24例,总体生存率为63.16%,其中急诊手术治疗10例,存活4例（40%）;单纯非手术治疗组16例,存活9例（56.25%）;非手术治疗结合早期手术治疗治疗组12例,存活11例（91.67%）.3组存活率两两比较其差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）;3组的急性生理学和慢性健康评分标准APCHEⅡ（acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ）评分两两比较均不具有显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论：对于暴发性急性胰腺炎应在强化的非手术监护治疗下行早期手术治疗,腹腔间隔室综合征的发展程度是决定手术时机的关键;手术目的是进行充分有效的腹腔减压和引流而不是以清除胰腺的坏死组织为目的;术后血液透析对于阻止胰腺局部病变和全身病情加重,保护脏器功能具有显著功能.     

The change in renal replacement therapy on acute renal failure in a general intensive care unit in a university hospital and its clinical efficacy: a Japanese experience

The aim of our study was to examine renal replacement therapies (RRT) that have been used for acute renal failure (ARF) in our intensive care unit (ICU) patients and to compare their outcomes. Sixteen patients who underwent intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), 14 patients who underwent continuous hemofiltration (CHF) in combination with IHD (CHF + IHD), and 38 patients who underwent continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) were evaluated. Regarding the effects of blood purification on hemodynamics and renal function, the percentage increase in blood pressure and percent rapid increase in urinary output were the greatest in the CHDF group. The hourly urinary output after the start of initial blood purification increased only in the CHDF group. The survival rate was significantly higher in the CHDF group. These results suggest that CHDF should be the first-line therapy for patients with ARF and that we are moving in the right direction regarding the application of RRT to treat ARF in ICU patients.     

组合式血液净化模式对 MODS 患者胰岛素抵抗的影响?

目的：研究组合式血液净化模式对 MODS患者胰岛素抵抗的影响,探讨改善 MODS患者胰岛素抵抗最佳血液净化模式。方法选取 MODS 患者60例,随机分为试验组(单一血液净化模式)和对照组(组合式血液净化模式),每组各30例。观察两组患者血糖(BG)、血糖标准差(BGSD)、血糖变异系数(BGCV)、普通胰岛素用量(Ins)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、C 反应蛋白(CRP)及试验组治疗前后指标变化情况。结果试验组 BG、HbA1c、FINS、CRP、HOMA-IR、Ins 均较对照组降低(P <0.05);试验组治疗前较治疗后 BG、FINS、CRP、HOMA-IR、Ins 均有下降(P <0.05), HbA1c 无改善(P >0.05)。结论组合血液净化模式对 MODS 患者胰岛素抵抗的疗效明确,但其机制需进一步研究。     

Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration for the treatment of contrast-induced acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary interventions.

Acute renal failure (ARF) requiring hemodialysis after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is a serious complication with poor prognosis. Hemodialysis-induced hypotension may have deleterious cardiovascular effects, especially in high-risk patients. Ultrafiltrate removal and simultaneous fluid replacement with a solution similar to plasma for high-volume controlled hydration can be obtained with hemodynamic stability by continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH). We prospectively assessed the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous CVVH (Y-shaped double-lumen catheter, circuit originating from and terminating in the femoral vein) in 33 consecutive patients (23 men and 10 women; mean age, 69 +/- 9 years) who, after PCI, developed oligo-anuric ARF, associated in 20 of them with congestive heart failure. All patients received a concomitant infusion of furosemide (500-1000 mg/day) and dopamine (2 microg/kg/min). During CVVH, the average fluid volume replacement and body fluid net reduction were 1000 +/- 247 and 75 +/- 48 ml/hr, respectively. Treatment with CVVH continued for 4.7 +/- 2.7 days and corrected fluid overload in all cases. No patient experienced systemic hypotension or hypovolemia. Diuresis recovered in 32 (97%) patients, who showed a parallel improvement of renal function parameters. One patient required chronic dialysis. In-hospital and 1-year mortality was 9.1% and 27.3%, respectively. In conclusion, our data indicate that CVVH is a safe and effective therapy of radiocontrast-induced ARF following PCI. It temporarily replaces renal function without deleterious cardiovascular effects, allowing the kidney to recover from the nephrotoxic injury. However, despite promising early results, large randomized trials are required to define the role of CVVH in ARF after PCI.     

儿童重症监护室持续静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗相关并发症发生的影响因素分析

目的:探讨持续静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)在儿童重症监护室应用中相关并发症的发生情况,并分析其影响因素。方法:采用回顾分析的方法,收集2016年1月—2019年1月医院儿童重症监护室接受的行CVVH治疗的患儿80例临床资料,根据并发症的发生情况将其分为发生并发症组和未发生并发症组,统计两组患儿一般情况、实验室指标、治疗情况等,分析可能导致并发症发生的影响因素。结果:经CVVH治疗共有38例患儿发生并发症,总发生率为47.50%。经单因素分析与非条件多项Logistic回归分析检验结果显示,年龄、体重、CVVH治疗总时间、是否给予专业营养护理、是否进行抗凝剂剂量管理、抗凝治疗方式均可能是导致儿童重症监护室CVVH治疗相关并发症发生的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:年龄、体重、CVVH治疗总时间、是否给予专业营养护理、是否进行抗凝剂剂量管理、抗凝治疗方式均可能是导致儿童重症监护室CVVH治疗相关并发症发生的影响因素,临床需重点关注并予以相应干预措施,以降低相关并发症发生率。     

连续性高容量血液滤过中血清氨基酸水平对免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨连续性高容量血液滤过(CHVHF)治疗急性肾损伤(AKI)危重症患者中氨基酸水平的变化及其对免疫功能的影响.方法:选取接受24 h CHVHF治疗的AKI危重症患者20例,随机分为CHVHF组和CHVHF+氨基酸组.观察单次治疗前后患者血清游离氨基酸谱、免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞CD4+/CD8+比值、中性粒细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数的变化,同时评价急性生理学及慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分.结果:CHVHF治疗后,CHVHF组血清中所有氨基酸水平均降低,CH-VHF+氨基酸组血清中所有氨基酸水平均较治疗前升高,多数氨基酸水平的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),CHVHF+氨基酸组7种必需氨基酸、谷氨酰胺、精氨酸水平均高于CHVHF组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗后中性粒细胞吞噬率、吞噬指数及淋巴细胞CD4+/CD8+均较治疗前升高(P ＜0.05),CHVHF组低于CHVHF+氨基酸组,两组间差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗后两组免疫球蛋白均升高(P ＜0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后患者A-PACHEⅡ评分均降低(P＜0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:在AKI危重症患者行CHVHF治疗过程中补充足够氨基酸可以提高患者血清游离氨基酸水平,进一步改善其免疫状态.