Different accessory function for TH1 cells of bone marrow derived macrophages cultured in granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor or macrophage colony stimulating factor.

The ability of macrophages to stimulate immune responses is heterogeneous and may have influence on the type of the developing immune response. Therefore, in an attempt to define different functional states of mouse macrophages, we made use of the two macrophage growth factors: macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Generation of macrophages from freshly isolated bone marrow cells in the presence of GM-CSF results in a population expressing profound antigen presenting function for mouse TH1 cells, resulting in strong lymphokine production and proliferation of the T cells. Furthermore, high amounts of a novel soluble cytokine active on mouse TH1 cells are generated during the interaction of TH1 cells with macrophages elicited with GM-CSF. In contrast, macrophages grown from bone marrow cells for at least 14 days in the presence of M-CSF express only minimal antigen-presenting function for TH1 cells. Treatment of such macrophages for 24 h with either IFN-gamma or GM-CSF allows the distinction between two further functional states. Those treated with IFN-gamma efficiently presented antigen towards TH1 cells. The T cells produced large amounts of lymphokines and proliferate well. However, synthesis of the novel soluble cytokine (active on TH1 cells) was not detectable. The generation of this mediator requires a short-term treatment with GM-CSF of macrophages developed in the presence of M-CSF prior to their interaction with TH1 cells.     

免疫共刺激分子与自身免疫性疾病的研究进展

正常机体的免疫系统具有区别"自己"和"非己"的能力,对非己抗原能够发生免疫应答,对自身抗原则是处于无应答或微弱应答状态,时刻处于"免疫激活-免疫耐受"的动态平衡状态。然而,如果正常的免疫耐受被打破,将"自己"识别成"非己",处于非正常免疫激活状态的T细胞就会持续迁延的对自身抗原产生异常的免疫应答,结果会导致自身免疫性疾病(ADS)的发生。因此,"无效"的免疫识别和免疫应答成为自身免疫性疾病的发病的主要致病机制。免疫共刺激分子(co-stimulatory molecule)作为连接抗原递呈细胞(APC)和免疫细胞(T细胞,B细胞)的重要纽带,有研究已经证实,正性免疫共刺激分子的高表达和负性免疫共刺激分子的低表达都会导致自身免疫耐受的缺陷,进而引发自身免疫性疾病。依据中医药"纠偏","扶正"的治疗特色。本文通过对4种典型性的自身免疫性疾病:系统性则是以红斑狼疮(SLE)和类风湿性关节炎(RA)为代表;器官特异性则是以多发性硬化症(MS)和Ⅰ型糖尿病(T1DM)发病机制进行探讨,依赖于这4种疾病发病过程中免疫共刺激分子对免疫识别与免疫应答的重要影响,并且依托于中医药对自身免疫平衡调节的作用,结合近十年来的相关文献,对免疫共刺激分子与自身免疫性疾病之间的关系进行论述,探寻不同的免疫共刺激分子在不同的自身免疫病中的共性,并初探中药以PD1-PDL1为药物靶点治疗自身免疫病的可行性。     

重症肌无力患者外周血CD4+T细胞OX40的表达及作用机制研究

目的 分析重症肌无力(MG)患者外周血CD4+T细胞协同刺激分子OX40表达及其对FoxP3+CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Treg)的调控作用,初步探讨OX40在MG免疫学发病中的作用机制.方法 以流式细胞技术检测42例MG患者及38名健康对照的外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞、FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg表达水平,比较OX40表达在MG患者不同临床疾病状态、Osserman分型、临床绝对评分、胸腺病理类型等情况下的差异,并分析OX40对FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞的影响.结果 (1) MG患者外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞占淋巴细胞百分比高于健康对照组(P<0.01).(2)MG患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比在发作或加重期高于缓解期(P＜0.05);在临床绝对评分呈中、重度患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于轻度患者(均P＜0.05);Osserman Ⅱ、Ⅳ型患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于Ⅰ型患者(均P＜0.05);胸腺增生及胸腺瘤患者OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比高于胸腺正常患者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(3)MG患者外周血OX40+CD4+T细胞百分比与FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞百分比呈负相关(r=-0.843,P=0.01).结论 协同刺激分子OX40参与MG发病,可能通过抑制FoxP3+CD4+CD25+Treg细胞生成发挥作用.     

Differential expression of SAP and EAT-2-binding leukocyte cell-surface molecules CD84, CD150 (SLAM), CD229 (Ly9) and CD244 (2B4)

The CD150 (SLAM) family consists of nine leukocyte cell-surface proteins involved in lymphocyte activation that belong to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Six members of this family--CD84, CD150 (SLAM), CD229 (Ly9), CD244 (2B4), NTB-A, and CS1--associate with adapter proteins--SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and EAT-2. SAP is a short intracellular molecule that is mutated in humans with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Flow cytometric analysis of the expression of CD84, CD150, CD229, and CD244 cell-surface receptors on several leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets was performed. CD84 and CD150 were present on thymocytes, mature T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The expression of CD84 and CD150 was high on memory T cells. CD150 expression was strongly up-regulated after cell activation. In contrast to CD84, CD150 was absent on resting monocytes and immature dendritic cells (DCs). CD229 presented a pattern of expression restricted to lymphocytes. CD244 was preferentially expressed on natural killer cells, CD8(+) effector cells, resting monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils. We describe a broader distribution of CD84, CD150, CD229, and CD244 than previously reported and show that they are differentially expressed on hematopoietic cells. The heterogeneous expression of these receptors indicates that these molecules may play non-redundant functions in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses.     

共刺激分子异常介导寻常型银屑病免疫失衡的实验研究

目的通过检查外周血免疫细胞共刺激分子和细胞因子表达格局,分析寻常性银屑病患者可能发生的免疫异常。方法选择未经治疗的寻常型银屑病患者与正常对照组,抽取外周血并分离单个核细胞(peripheral bloodmonocytes,PBMC),采用RT-PCR对寻常型银屑病患者和正常对照组外周血CD86、B7H1、Foxp3、T-bet、GATA-3指标进行检测。采用流式细胞仪检查两组外周血清中IL-12、IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-2、IL-10、IL-9、IL-22、IL-6、IL-13、IL-4、IL-5、IL-1β、TNF-α含量。结果寻常型银屑病组PBMC中Foxp3和GATA3表达低于正常人群,但T-bet表达增高(P<0.05)。寻常型银屑病患者TNF-α明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。寻常型银屑病患者CD86相对表达量(0.3636±0.1003)明显高于对照组(0.1061±0.03883)(P<0.05);而B7H1相对表达量(0.06876±0.03145)明显低于对照组(0.3401±0.1152)(P<0.05)。结论寻常型银屑病患者Th1亚群增加、TNFa水平增高,而Th2和调节性T细胞(Regulatory T cells,Treg)亚群明显降低;寻常型银屑病患者外周血抗原递呈细胞(antigen present cells,APC)表达共刺激分子CD86增加而共抑制分子B7H1降低,提示寻常型银屑病患者体内存在的免疫功能紊乱可能是由于其APC功能异常所致。     

Immunomodulation by blockade of the TRANCE co-stimulatory pathway in murine allogeneic islet transplantation

We explore herein the effect of TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) co-stimulatory pathway blockade on islet survival after allograft transplantation. Expression of TRANCE on murine C57Bl/6 (B6) CD4+ T cells after allogeneic activation was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). The effect of a TRANCE receptor fusion protein (TR-Fc) and anti-CD154 antibody (MR1) on B6 spleen cell proliferation after allogeneic activation was assessed by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Three groups of B6 mice were transplanted with allogeneic islets (DBA2): Control; short-term TR-Fc-treatment (days 0–4); and prolonged TR-Fc-treatment (days −1 to 13). Donor-specific transfusion (DST) was performed at the time of islet transplantation in one independent experiment. Transplantectomy samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. TRANCE expression was upregulated in stimulated CD4+ T cells in vitro . In MLR experiments, TR-Fc and MR1 both reduced spleen cell proliferation, but less than the combination of both molecules. Short-course TR-Fc treatment did not prolong islet graft survival when compared with controls (10.6 ± 1.9 vs. 10.7 ± 1.5 days) in contrast to prolonged treatment (20.7 ± 3.2 days; P  < 0.05). After DST, primary non function (PNF) was observed in half of control mice, but never in TR-Fc-treated mice. Immunofluorescence staining for Mac-1 showed a clear decrease in macrophage recruitment in the treated groups. TRANCE-targeting may be an effective strategy for the prolongation of allogeneic islet graft survival, thanks to its inhibitory effects on co-stimulatory signals and macrophage recruitment.     

IL-12 suppression,enhanced endocytosis and up-regulation of MHC-II and CD80 in dendritic cells during experimental endotoxin tolerance

Aim： The aim of this study was to investigate endocytosis, MHC-II expression and co-stimulatory molecule expression, as well as interleukin-12 （IL-12） production, in bone marrow dendritic cells （DCs） derived from endotoxin tolerant mice. Methods： Endotoxin tolerance was induced in C57BL/10J mice through four consecutive daily intraperitoneal injections of 1.0 mg/kg of 055：B5 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. Bone marrow DCs were isolated in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 and purified by anti-CD11c Micro beads. FITC-dextran uptake by DCs was tested by flow cytometric analysis and the percentage of dextran-containing cells was calculated using a fluorescence microscope. The expression of surface MHC-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 was also detected by flow cytometric analysis. An ELISA was used for the measurement of IL-12 production by DCs with or without LPS stimulation. Results： Endotoxin tolerance was successfully induced in C57BL/10J mice, evidenced by an attenuated elevation of systemic TNF-α. DCs from endotoxin tolerant mice possessed enhanced dextran endocytosis ability. The expression of surface MHC-II and CD80 was higher in DCs from endotoxin tolerant mice than in DCs from control mice, whereas the expression of CD40 and CD86 was not altered. Compared with DCs from normal control mice, DCs from endotoxin tolerant mice produced less IL-12 after subsequent in vitro stimulation with LPS. Conclusion： These data suggest enhanced endocytosis, selective up-regulation of MHC-II and CD80 and IL-12 suppression in DCs during in vivo induction of endotoxin tolerance.     

共刺激分子与重症肌无力

在重症肌无力发病机制的研究中,共刺激分子的作用得到越来越多的重视。本文从CD28/B7、CT-LA-4/B7、CD40/CD40LI、COS/ICOSL、OX40/OX40L等共刺激分子在重症肌无力中的研究进展进行综述,对重症肌无力发病机制的认识提供一定帮助,为重症肌无力的病情观察和治疗提供新的线索。     

High intensity focused ultrasound enhances anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting the negative regulatory effect of miR-134 on CD86 in a murine melanoma model

HIFU has been demonstrated to enhance anti-tumor immunity, however, the mechanism of which has not been well elucidated. Emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs play important roles in immune response. In this study, we used the B16F10 melanoma allograft mouse model to investigate the role of miRNAs in HIFU-enhanced anti-tumor immunity. We found that HIFU treatment decreased circulating B16F10 cells and pulmonary metastasis nodules while increased IFN-γ and TNF-α in the peripheral blood and cumulative mouse survival, which was associated with inhibition of miR-134 expression and activation of CD86 expression in tumor tissues. Further, we determined that miR-134 directly binds to the 3′UTR of CD86 mRNA to suppress its expression in B16F10 cells. When B16F10 cells transfected with miR-134 were co-cultured with normal splenic lymphocytes, the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α from lymphocytes was reduced and B16F10 cell survival was increased. HIFU exposure efficiently decreased miR-134 while increased CD86 expression in B16F10 cells in vitro. CD86 knockdown with siRNA markedly rescued the viability of HIFU-treated B16F10 cells that co-cultured with lymphocytes. Altogether, our results suggest that HIFU down-regulates miR-134 to release the inhibition of miR-134 on CD86 in melanoma cells, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immune response.