首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   619篇
  免费   75篇
  国内免费   78篇
耳鼻咽喉   9篇
儿科学   4篇
基础医学   166篇
口腔科学   52篇
临床医学   111篇
内科学   28篇
神经病学   17篇
特种医学   17篇
外科学   156篇
综合类   136篇
预防医学   5篇
药学   45篇
中国医学   23篇
肿瘤学   3篇
  2024年   1篇
  2023年   4篇
  2022年   21篇
  2021年   17篇
  2020年   26篇
  2019年   16篇
  2018年   22篇
  2017年   27篇
  2016年   28篇
  2015年   36篇
  2014年   63篇
  2013年   110篇
  2012年   35篇
  2011年   39篇
  2010年   36篇
  2009年   27篇
  2008年   31篇
  2007年   27篇
  2006年   26篇
  2005年   25篇
  2004年   27篇
  2003年   28篇
  2002年   14篇
  2001年   18篇
  2000年   3篇
  1999年   6篇
  1998年   7篇
  1997年   8篇
  1996年   8篇
  1995年   1篇
  1994年   2篇
  1993年   6篇
  1992年   2篇
  1991年   2篇
  1990年   2篇
  1989年   2篇
  1988年   3篇
  1987年   2篇
  1986年   3篇
  1985年   3篇
  1984年   2篇
  1983年   2篇
  1980年   1篇
  1978年   1篇
  1977年   1篇
  1976年   1篇
排序方式: 共有772条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Mammalian bones have three distinct origins (paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest) and undergo two different modes of formation (intra-membranous and endochondral). Bones derived from the paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm mainly form through the endochondral process. During this process, hypertrophic chondrocytes play a vital role in inducing both osteogenesis and angiogenesis. One of the essential osteogenic factors secreted from hypertrophic chondrocytes is Indian hedgehog (Ihh). In contrast, bones derived from the neural crest mainly form through the intramembranous pro-cess and do not require Ihh. Thus, depending on their origin, bones have distinct signaling properties, which need to be considered in the research and application of bone biology.Presented at the 18th Annual Research Meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, Kitakyushu, Japan, October 17, 2003  相似文献   
2.
牵张力对体外培养兔鼻软骨细胞影响的实验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的:探讨牵张力对体外培养的不同年龄兔鼻软骨细胞增殖活性的影响及牵张力大小与兔鼻软骨细胞增殖活性改变的量效关系。方法:将第4代体外培养的新生及6周龄新西兰白兔兔鼻软骨细胞置于细胞膜式牵张力施加装置上培养,流式细胞仪检测不同的牵张力(5kPa、10kPa)在0-12h内对兔鼻软骨细胞增殖活性的影响。结果:0-10h内5kPa牵张力组软骨细胞增殖指数随着牵张力作用时间的延长不断上升,增殖指数峰值位于10h处;0~8h内10kPa牵张力组软骨细胞增殖指数随着牵张力作用时间的延长不断上升,增殖指数峰值位于8h处;5kPa较10kPa牵张力对体外培养兔鼻软骨细胞具有更大的促增殖作用;牵张力对体外培养的新生兔兔鼻软骨细胞具有更大的促增殖作用。结论:牵张力可促进体外培养的新生及六周龄新西兰白兔兔鼻软骨细胞增殖活性。提示我们鼻软骨牵张方法不仅适用于临床矫治新生儿唇腭裂伴发鼻畸形,而且有可能用于矫治1岁左右婴儿甚至更大年龄患儿的唇腭裂伴发鼻畸形。  相似文献   
3.
Mechanical stimulation is known to be an essential factor in the regulation of cartilage metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) can be modulated by cyclic tensile stretch load in chondrocytes. Cyclic loading of repeated stretch stress at 10 cycles per minute with 10 kPa of stress for 6 h induced expression of LOX-1 to 2.6 times control in cultured bovine articular chondrocytes, equivalent to the addition of 10 microg/mL oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) (2.4 times control). Application of the cyclic load to the chondrocytes along with 10 microg/mL ox-LDL resulted in synergistically increased LOX-1 expression to 6.3 times control. Individual application of cyclic loading and 10 microg/mL ox-LDL significantly suppressed chondrocytes viability (84.6% +/- 3.4% and 80.9% +/- 3.2% of control at 24 h, respectively; n = 3; p < 0.05) and proteoglycan synthesis [81.0% +/- 7.1% and 85.7% +/- 5.2% of control at 24 h, respectively; p < 0.05 when compared with 94.6% +/- 4.6% for native-LDL (n = 3)]. Cyclic loading and 10 microg/mL ox-LDL synergistically affected cell viability and proteoglycan synthesis, which were significantly suppressed to 45.6% +/- 4.9% and 48.7% +/- 6.7% of control at 24 h, respectively (n = 3; p < 0.01 when compared with individual application of cyclic loading or 10 microg/mL ox-LDL). In this study, we demonstrated synergistic effects of cyclic tensile stretch load and ox-LDL on cell viability and proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes, which may be mediated through enhanced expression of LOX-1 and which has important implications in the progression of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis.  相似文献   
4.
鹿茸生长素对家兔关节软骨细胞代谢的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
目的 研究鹿茸生长素对关节软骨细胞增殖的影响。方法 采用家兔关节软骨细胞体外培养和加入同位素3H—TdR标记方法,观察其对3H—TdR掺入细胞DNA合成的影响。结果 加入鹿茸生长素组的3H—TdR的掺入值与对照组有明显差异,细胞增殖作用明显。结论 鹿茸生长素能明显刺激关节软骨细胞的增殖。  相似文献   
5.
An ultrastructural study was undertaken on cartilage resorption at the site of initial endochondral bone formation in the mouse mandibular condyle on d 16 of pregnancy. After resorbing the bone collar, the osteoclasts extended their cell processes into the cartilage matrix and made contact with hypertrophic chondrocytes. By means of cell processes or vacuolar structures, these osteoclasts entrapped the calcified cartilage matrices, cell debris, and the degraded uncalcified cartilage matrices. In particular, since the calcified cartilage matrices were sometimes seen to be disrupted within the osteoclastic vacuolar structures, they were probably disposed of by the osteoclasts. Invading endothelial cells giving rise to capillaries also directly surrounded the degraded uncalcified cartilage matrices and small deposits of cell debris. In addition, hypertrophic chondrocytes that had attached to or were in the process of attaching to the invading osteoclasts often enclosed the small calcified cartilage matrices. Other cell types that have often been reported in other regions of cartilage resorption were not seen at the site of initial endochondral bone formation in this study. Our findings in relation to cartilage resorption may therefore represent unique features of the site of initial endochondral bone formation site. We consider that the manner of cartilage resorption is likely to vary by site, age, and species.  相似文献   
6.
Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair. To overcome this problem, it is expected that functional cartilage replacements can be created from expanded chondrocytes seeded in biodegradable scaffolds. Expansion of chondrocytes in two-dimensional culture systems often results in dedifferentiation. This investigation focuses on the post-expansion phenotype of human nasal chondrocytes expanded on macroporous gelatin CultiSpher G microcarriers. Redifferentiation was evaluated in vitro via pellet cultures in three different culture media. Furthermore, the chondrogenic potential of expanded cells seeded in polyethylene glycol terephthalate/ polybuthylene terephthalate (PEGT/PBT) scaffolds, cultured for 14 days in vitro, and subsequently implanted subcutaneously in nude mice, was assessed.

Chondrocytes remained viable during microcarrier culture and yielded doubling times (1.07±0.14 days) comparable to T-flask expansion (1.20±0.36 days). Safranin-O staining from pellet culture in different media demonstrated that production of GAG per cell was enhanced by microcarrier expansion. Chondrocyte–polymer constructs with cells expanded on microcarriers contained significantly more proteoglycans after subcutaneous implantation (288.5±29.2 μg) than those with T-flask-expanded cells (164.0±28.7 μg). Total collagen content was similar between the two groups.

This study suggests that macroporous gelatin microcarriers are effective matrices for nasal chondrocyte expansion, while maintaining the ability of chondrocyte differentiation. Although the exact mechanism by which chondrocyte redifferentiation is induced through microcarrier expansion has not yet been elucidated, this technique shows promise for cartilage tissue engineering approaches.  相似文献   

7.
Summary Chondrocytes in epiphyseal cartilage were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using freeze-fracture techniques. Freeze-fracture replicas showed large numbers of fingerlike, 0.11–0.15 m diameter, projections from the chondrocyte surface, with numerous 95–180 Å diameter intramembranous particles associated with both the cell membrane surface and these projections. With SEM, these cytoplasmic projections were also obvious, but appeared collapsed into clusters of globular-shaped projections on the surface of the chondrocytes. With freeze-fracture techniques, in which shrinkage artifacts were essentially eliminated, the cytoplasmic projections were often seen in intimate contact with the extracapsular matrix. However, with chondrocytes prepared by both SEM and conventional TEM, there was evidence of shrinkage, the cytoplasmic projections having little contact with the extracapsular matrix. These findings show that the cytoplasmic processes are not artifacts of tissue processing and provide morphological evidence in support of the hypothesis that matrix vesicles are of cellular origin.Correlation of Freeze-Fracture and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Epiphyseal Chondrocytes  相似文献   
8.
杀莠素A对兔软骨细胞增殖和产生NO的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
研究杀莠素A对IL-1抑制软骨细胞增殖和诱导NO产生的作用。方法:IL-1单独或与杀莠素A共育于软骨细胞,用结晶紫染色法测定软骨细胞增殖,Griess法测定NO的产生。结果:IL-1抑制软骨细胞增殖,杀莠素A剂量依赖地逆转IL-1的作用。杀莠素A还能剂量依赖地抑制IL-1诱导软骨细胞产生NO。结论:杀莠素A逆转IL-1换制软骨细胞增殖的作用可能是通过NO介导的。  相似文献   
9.
喹诺酮类药物对离体兔软骨细胞的毒性   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
目的 :评价几种喹诺酮类药物对幼龄兔软骨细胞的相对毒性 ,软骨毒性与浓度、时间、年龄的关系。方法 :采用兔软骨细胞体外培养的技术 ,观察细胞形态 ,四氮甲基唑蓝 (MTT)法评价细胞的增殖 ,二甲基亚甲蓝 (DMB)法评价细胞蛋白多糖的含量。观察环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、氟罗沙星、帕珠沙星对 1月龄兔软骨细胞的影响 ,及环丙沙星对 1,3,5月龄兔软骨细胞的影响。结果 :喹诺酮类药物使细胞形态发生改变 ;抑制细胞的增殖的作用依次为环丙沙星 >左氧氟沙星 >氟罗沙星 >帕珠沙星 ;对蛋白多糖含量的作用为环丙沙星 >左氧氟沙星 >氟罗沙星、帕珠沙星 ;环丙沙星的抑制作用随作用时间的延长和浓度的增加而增加 ,随兔年龄的增大而减少。结论 :喹诺酮类几种药物的软骨毒性存在着差异 ,且随浓度、时间、年龄不同而不同。  相似文献   
10.
目的 研究大鼠独活寄生汤含药血清对体外软骨细胞表型稳定性,SOX6及培养基中细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达的影响。方法 取大鼠股骨头软骨帽,提取软骨细胞,并在体外单层传代培养。培养体系为含高、中、低浓度的独活寄生汤含药血清及生理盐水血清,通过免疫组织化学分析软骨细胞表型Ⅱ型胶原的变化及SOX6表达分布,通过Westernblot及ELISA检测SOX6、Collagen Ⅱ、Aggrecan及IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达的变化。结果 不同浓度的独活寄生汤含药血清均可对体外培养的软骨细胞产生增殖促进作用,并能增加Ⅱ型胶原稳定其软骨表型;其中以中浓度最为显著(P<0.01);与生理盐水血清组相比,独活寄生汤含药血清可以增加SOX6在细胞核的分布,而且能抑制培养基中细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达水平。结论 独活寄生汤含药血清可以上调体外软骨细胞SOX6及抑制炎症因子的表达以稳定软骨细胞的表型。  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号