Exercise motivation and adherence in cancer survivors after participation in a randomized controlled trial: An attribution theory perspective

The purpose of this study was to examine postprogram exercise motivation and adherence in cancer survivors who participated in the Group Psychotherapy and Home-Based Physical Exercise (GROUP-HOPE; Courneya, Friedenreich, Sela, Quinney, & Rhodes, 2002) trial. At the completion of the GROUP-HOPE trial, 46 of 51 (90%) participants in the exercise group completed measures of attribution theory constructs. A5-week follow-up self-report of exercise wasthen completed by 30 (65%) participants. Correlational analyses indicated that program exercise, perceived success, expected success, and affective reactions were strong predictors of postprogram exercise. In multivariate stepwise regression analyses, program exercise and perceived successwere the strongest predictors of postprogram exercise. Additionally, perceived success was more important than objective success in understanding the attribution process, and it interacted with personal control to influence expected success and negative affect. Finally, postprogram quality of life and changes in physical fitness were correlates of perceived success. We concluded that attribution theory may have utility for understanding postprogram exercise motivation and adherence in cancer survivors.     

Trying to stop smoking: Effects of perceived addiction,attributions for failure,and expectancy of success

This paper reports the results of a postal questionnaire completed by 2343 smokers who had contacted a television company for help with stopping smoking. Of these, 1848 (78.9%) completed a follow-up questionnaire 1 year later. This indicated that 797 had tried to stop, 709 had tried to cut down, and 164 had become abstinent. Analyses show that the intention to try to stop smoking was dependent not only on the perceived health benefit, but also on the subjects' confidence that they would succeed if they tried to stop. As predicted by Weiner's [(1979). J. Educ. Psychol.71: 3–25] model of achievement motivation, those who attributed other smokers' failures at quitting to stable factors had lower expectancies of success, as had those who saw themselves as more addicted. When the follow-up data are considered, reported attempts at quitting were strongly related to previously declared intentions, and reported abstinence was related to previous confidence (expectancy of success) and perceived addiction. There is no support for hypotheses concerning self-other differences in attribution, or defensive attribution, in subjects' attributions for their own failures at cessation. Implications for antismoking interventions are discussed.This research was facilitated to various extents by grants from the British Council, the Department of Health and Social Security, the Medical Research Council, and the Social Science Research Council, London. When the data were collected, all authors were at the Addiction Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London.     

Variability in cesarean delivery rates among individual labor and delivery nurses compared to physicians at three attribution time points

ObjectiveTo examine the variability in the cesarean delivery (CD) rates of individual labor and delivery nurses compared with physicians at three attribution time points.Data SourcesMedical record data from nine hospitals in Washington State from January 2016 through September 2018.Study DesignRetrospective, observational cohort design using an aggregated database of birth records.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsChart‐abstracted clinical data from a subset of nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex births attributed at admission, labor management, and delivery to nurses and physicians. Two classification methods were used to categorize nurse‐ and physician‐level CD rates at three attribution time points and the reliability of these methods compared.Principal FindingsThe sample included 12 556 births, 319 nurses, and 126 physicians. Overall, variation in nurse‐level CD rates did not differ significantly across the three attribution time points, and the extent of variation was similar to that observed in physicians. However, agreement between attribution time points varied between 35 percent and 65 percent when classifying individual nurses into the top and bottom deciles. The average reliability of nurse‐level CD rates was 32 percent at admission (IQR 22.0 percent to 38.7 percent), 32.6 percent at labor (IQR 23.1 percent to 40.9 percent), and 29.3 percent (IQR 20.9 percent to 35.8 percent) at delivery. The average reliability of physician‐level CD rates was higher: 54.2 percent (IQR 38.7 percent to 71.4 percent) at admission, 62.5 percent (IQR 49.0 percent to 79.6 percent) at labor management, and 66.1 percent (IQR 53.7 percent to 81.2 percent) at delivery.ConclusionFeedback on nurse‐level CD rates as part of routine clinical quality audits can provide insight into nurse performance in the context of other individual‐level and unit‐level information. To reliably distinguish individual nurse performance, larger sample sizes are needed.     

Changing epidemiology of invasive non-typhoid Salmonella infection: a nationwide population-based registry study

ObjectivesNon-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) may invade beyond the intestine, causing bacteraemia, sepsis, and infection of normally sterile sites. The epidemiology of invasive NTS (iNTS) infection is under-researched. We determined trends, risk factors, serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and attributable sources of iNTS infection in a high-income setting.Methods22,837 records of culture-confirmed human salmonellosis cases and 10,008 serotyped Salmonella isolates from five putative animal reservoirs (pigs, cattle, broilers, layers, reptiles) in the Netherlands during 2005–2018 were retrieved from national surveillance registries. Risk factors for iNTS infection were identified using logistic regression analysis. Source attribution modelling was based on serotyping, prevalence, and exposure data.ResultsThe average annual percentage of iNTS infections was 4.6% (range 3.5–5.7%). An increase in iNTS infections was observed since 2012 (odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.04–1.14). Increased iNTS infection risk was associated with wintertime (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.12–1.66), male sex (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.51–1.99), older age (ORs: 3.27 to 16.33, depending on age groups), and living in rural areas (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.23–1.93). While 52% of iNTS infections (n = 950) were caused by serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium, those displaying the highest invasiveness relative to their occurrence were Dublin (32.9%, n = 163), Panama (21.6%, n = 106), and Poona (14.1%, n = 71). Cattle were a larger source of iNTS than non-iNTS infections (12.2% vs. 7.6%). Lower AMR and multi-resistance rates were observed among iNTS (37.9%) than non-iNTS isolates (48.6%).DiscussionThe increase in iNTS infections, which is reported also in other countries, is of public health and clinical concern. The underlying reasons seem to be multi-factorial in nature. iNTS infection risk depends more on the infecting serotypes and patient demographics, and less on the attributable reservoirs and AMR profiles.     

骨骼肌的中医五藏归属

"脾主身之肌肉"是指脾藏化生水谷精微营养全身的骨骼肌及其辅助装置,但骨骼肌的功能并非只属于脾藏。基于中西医学研究对象的一致性,从解剖学找到全身骨骼肌的分布部位及其功能,并将这些功能与中医五藏的功能做对比,认为骨骼肌的功能应分属于中医脾藏的运化、在体合肉和固定升提功能,肺藏的司呼吸功能,肾藏的主水主生殖功能,肝藏的主疏泄调情志功能和心藏的主藏神功能。即,参与消化的骨骼肌属于主运化的脾藏;产生肌力肌紧张维持躯体运动与姿势的骨骼肌属于在体合肉的脾藏;产生张力固定内脏、支撑皮肤的筋膜属于具有固定升提功能的脾藏。参与呼吸的骨骼肌属于司呼吸的肺藏;参与排尿和分娩的骨骼肌属于主水主生殖的肾藏;参与表达情感的骨骼肌归属于主疏泄调情志的肝藏;参与表达精神活动的骨骼肌归属于主藏神的心藏。     

Gender Bias in the Education System: Perceptions of Teacher–Student Sexual Relationships

Research on perceptions of child sexual abuse has documented gender bias favouring female perpetrators. The current study aimed to determine if previous findings into perceptions of child sexual abuse translated to perceptions of abuse of adolescent students by school teachers using a theoretical framework of attribution and gender-development theory. Randomly selected participants (86 female and 44 males) responded to a brief vignette about a student–teacher sexual relationship (male teacher/female student or female teacher/male student). Results identified a gender bias in favour of female teachers on emotional reactions of anger and desire for consequences. Female participants expressed greater anger and rated the sexual relationship as more serious than their male counterparts. Results suggest that adolescent victims were seen as relatively mature and suffering less harm than younger aged victims. Finally, results suggest that attributions made by both men and women regarding teacher–student sexual relationships were consistent with traditional gender-role stereotypes.     

Apologising for Personal Injury in Law: Failing to Take Account of Lessons from Psychology in Blameworthiness and Propensity to Sue

We know that the vast majority of people do not sue after personal injury. There is a significant literature on propensity to sue which relates it partly to the person's view of blame or attribution of responsibility. In many jurisdictions now there is legislation to protect apologies from becoming an admission of legal fault because of the perception that apologies are important to people's functioning. The psychological literature suggests that the psychological role of an apology is closely connected to the attribution of responsibility and that this plays out in a complex way to make apologies effective or ineffective within the psychological or legal context. This article explores how the legal regimes which seek to encourage apologies, (particularly in regimes of compensation for personal injury), have often failed to take account of the lessons that psychology has to offer in making apologies effective both psychologically and in reducing litigation.     

The Controllability Beliefs Scale used with carers of people with intellectual disabilities: psychometric properties

Background Beliefs about the controllability of behaviour have been consistently shown to be important in understanding the responses of carers to the challenging behaviour of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). This paper reports the reliability and validity of the Controllability Beliefs Scale (CBS), a 15‐item measure of beliefs regarding the controllability of challenging behaviour when used with carers of people with IDs. Methods Two hundred and sixty‐four carers of people with IDs completed the CBS, 74 people also completed the Modified Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Self‐Injury Behavioural Understanding Questionnaire scale to determine concurrent and convergent validity and 34 people completed the scale twice within a 2‐ to 4‐week period to determine test–retest reliability. Results The scale has a two‐factor structure and has adequate internal reliable. The scale is significantly correlated with the controllability, internality and stability items from the Modified Attributional Style Questionnaire, showed expected associations with behavioural and internal emotional understanding items from the Self‐Injury Behavioural Understanding Questionnaire. The scale has good test–retest reliability. Conclusions The data support use of the CBS in clinical practice and research to assess carers' beliefs regarding challenging behaviour of people with IDs.     

精神分裂症患者梦威胁模拟水平与敌意归因偏向及精神症状的关系

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者梦威胁模拟水平与敌意归因偏向及精神症状的关系。方法 选取2017年6月至2019年5月在安徽医科大学附属心理医院精神科住院治疗的精神分裂症患者68例为患者组,另选取本院及周边社区的70例健康志愿者作为对照组。采用梦威胁事件问卷(DTQ)评估患者组和对照组的梦威胁模拟水平,采用中文版模棱两可、目的和敌意问卷(AIHQ-C)评估患者组和对照组的敌意归因偏向,采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评估精神分裂症患者的精神症状。结果 患者组DTQ分、AIHQ-C的各项评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,精神分裂症患者DTQ得分与敌意偏向总分(r=0.529,P＜0.05)、责备偏向总分(r=0.398,P＜0.001)、攻击偏向总分(r=0.442,P＜0.05)及阳性症状分(r=0.395,P＜0.05)呈正相关。敌意偏向总分(r=0.507,P＜0.05)、责备偏向总分(r=0.426,P＜0.05)及攻击偏向总分(r=0.481,P＜0.05)与阳性症状分均呈正相关。精神分裂症患者DTQ总分(r=-0.272,P＜0.05)、敌意偏向总分(r=-0.299,P＜0.05)及责备偏向总分(r=-0.397,P＜0.05)与阴性症状分均呈负相关。回归分析显示,精神分裂症患者的敌意偏向与阳性症状均可以预测梦的威胁模拟水平。结论 精神分裂症患者梦的威胁模拟水平过度激活,敌意归因偏向明显,阳性症状及敌意归因偏向均对梦威胁模拟水平有一定影响。     

Problem-solving skills and attributional styles of agoraphobics

Recent formulations of agoraphobia have emphasized the potential role of misattributional processes and dysfunctional problem solving in the development and maintenance of phobic anxiety and avoidance. The present study examined problem-solving skills and attributional styles as a function of experimentally induced success and failure experiences. Twenty-three female agoraphobics and 20 normals solved three sets of anagrams that differed in task difficulty. Subjects also completed an assessment battery that included measures of psychiatric symptomatology, interpersonal problem solving, and general attributional style. Analyses revealed that agoraphobics did not differ statistically from normals on cognitive problem-solving measures of anagram performance. Interpersonal problem-solving deficits were, however, exhibited for generating effective alternative solutions and selecting effective behavioral preferred responses. Moreover, agoraphobics differed from normals for globality attributions, perceived significance, anticipated future outcomes, and performance appraisals toward experimentally induced failure experiences. Conceptual, clinical, and research implications of these findings are discussed.This study is based on a master's thesis submitted by the first author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. in psychology at the University of Pittsburgh. This research was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH-36299) to the second author. Appreciation is expressed to Rich Ulrich, M.A., for statistical consultations, Karen Marchione, M.A., for clinical-research refinements, Scott Monroe, Ph.D., for methodological input, and Patricia Biller and Gigi Hart for technical assistance.