Regional cerebral activity associated with the incidental processing of pseudo-words

In order to study brain activity associated with “incidental” cognitive processing, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in six volunteers while they monitored a sequence of pseudo-words (e.g., FLOPE) for the rare occasions when the letters were displayed in blue rather than white. In the control condition, the same pseudo-word was presented repeatedly. In one experimental condition all 60 pseudo-words were different, while in the other there were 18 repetitions. Although it was not necessary to “read” the pseudo-words to perform the monitoring task, subsequent forced choice recognition memory for these stimuli was significantly greater than chance. Furthermore, there were significant differences in blood flow between the three conditions. When different pseudo-words were presented there was significantly greater activity in brain areas concerned with shape and object identity (extrastriate cortex bilaterally), with visual word form (left inferior temporal gyrus), and with articulatory word form (Broca's area) even though none of this information about the pseudo-words was needed for performance of the monitoring task. In the condition in which some of the words were repeated, there was significantly reduced activity in the right lingual gyrus. This area may therefore be a possible anatomical locus for repetition priming with verbal stimuli. These results indicate the importance of taking into account incidental processing when designing tasks for functional imaging experiments. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

虚拟咬合运动初步仿真模拟的研究与实现

我们试验了利用VR技术进行虚拟咬合仿真制作的全部过程。首先,采用光学三维测量仪对上下颌石膏模型进行数字化,通过预处理获取有效的三角网格曲面模型;其次,对咬合运动模型进行合理的简化,分解为一系列的平移运动和旋转运动;通过动态刷新完成开闭口运动、侧移运动的计算机运动仿真,可视化地观察咬合运动;然后利用模型碰撞检测算法动态地计算咬合接触位,并详细地分析了咬合接触时的咬合点位置分布和咬合剖切面上的咬合点接触关系;最后讨论了目前虚拟咬合仿真存在的问题和今后研究的方向。     

结合家长参与的康复训练对功能性构音障碍的疗效分析

目的 分析家长参与的康复训练对功能性障碍患儿构音清晰度的疗效,为临床综合性治疗提供科学依据。 方法 选取2018年9月—2020年1月在株洲市中心医院康复治疗科治疗的67例功能性构音障碍患儿为研究对象,按随机数字表法随机分为家长参与组33例和常规组34例。两组均予以常规构音训练,家长参与组在常规组的基础上增加家长参与整个治疗过程、每周1次家长培训和每日微信打卡作业,共治疗12周。比较两组治疗前后采用构音清晰度评估和疗效评定。 结果 治疗12周后,两组构音清晰度均较治疗前明显提高(t＝22.38、25.50,P＜0.01),且家长参与组治疗后构音清晰度高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.10,P＜0.01);家长参与组每周平均家中练习天数与总有效率均显著高于常规组(t=16.08、χ²=19.90 ,P＜0.01)。 结论 结合家长参与的康复训练对功能性构音障碍患儿疗效明显。     

环枕关节脱位：附二例报告

环枕脱位十分少见。此种病例,由于环枕部结构复杂,照片显示常不够清楚。人们往往只注住只注意环枢椎的关系而对环枕脱位的警惕性不足,容易漏诊,其后果是严重的。本文报道两例环枕关节脱位病例,并对该病的病因、发病机制、局部解剖、合并症及其诊断要点进行分析,并提出“斜坡－齿突线”对本病的诊断有重要意义。     

Effect of nasal speaking valve on speech intelligibility under velopharyngeal incompetence: a questionnaire survey

Velopharyngeal incompetence is known as a contributing factor to speech disorders. Suwaki et al. reported that nasal speaking valve (NSV) could improve dysarthria by regulating nasal emission utilising one‐way valve. However, disease or condition which would be susceptible to treatment by NSV has not been clarified yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of NSV by questionnaire survey using ready‐made NSV. Subjects were recruited through the internet bulletin, and NSV survey set was sent to the applicant. Sixty‐six participants, who agreed to participate in this study, used NSV and mailed back the questionnaire which included self‐evaluation and third‐party evaluation of speech intelligibility. Statistical analysis revealed that the use of NSV resulted in significant speech intelligibility improvement in both self‐evaluation and third‐party evaluation (P < 0·01). Regarding the type of underlying disease of dysarthria, significant effect of NSV on self‐evaluation of speech intelligibility could be observed in cerebrovascular disease and neurodegenerative disease (P < 0·01) and that on third‐party evaluation in neurodegenerative disease (P < 0·01). Eighty‐six percent of subjects showed improvement of speech intelligibility by shutting up nostrils by fingers, and the significant effect of NSV on both self‐evaluation and third‐party evaluation of speech intelligibility was observed (P < 0·001). From the results of this study, it was suggested that NSV would be effective in cerebrovascular disease and neurodegenerative disease, as well as in subjects whose speech intelligibility was improved by closing nostrils.     

Long‐term subjective tongue function after partial glossectomy

There have been limited studies of subjective tongue function over long‐term follow‐up in spite of swallowing and articulation disorders are common complications of glossectomy. To assess long‐term subjective swallowing and articulation function after partial glossectomy. A total of 63 patients with the mobile tongue cancer who underwent partial glossectomy without reconstruction were interviewed to score their swallowing and articulation function on a 100‐point scale. The relation of this subjective scoring to the perioperative data was subjected to multivariate analysis. The mean patient age was 53·4 (19–81) years, and the mean follow‐up duration was 78·9 (14–277) months. Mean swallowing and articulation function score was 87·7 ± 6·1 and 88·6 ± 5·4. Age, follow‐up duration, T stage and resection volume were significantly correlated with swallowing function (P = 0·026, 0·029, 0·016, 0·002, respectively); follow‐up duration was correlated with articulation function (P = 0·039). Patients who undergo partial glossectomy without reconstruction generally demonstrate good function on long‐term follow‐up. Subjective dysfunction was correlated with larger resection volume, older age and shorter follow‐up duration.     

Speech outcomes at 5 and 10 years of age after one-stage palatal repair with muscle reconstruction in children born with isolated cleft palate

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate speech outcomes in children with clefts in the hard and/or soft palate only (CPH/CPS), in order to determine the prevalence of cleft speech characteristics, the change between 5 and 10?years of age, and the difference in occurrence between CPH and CPS.

Methods: A consecutive series of 88 children born with CPH or CPS were included in a retrospective cohort. All participants were treated with one-stage palatal repair using a minimal incision technique with muscle reconstruction (mean age 13?months). Twelve children (14%) received a velopharyngeal flap. Cleft speech variables were rated at 5 and 10?years of age independently by three experienced external speech-language pathologists. Inter- and intra-rater agreements were determined, and the prevalence of cleft speech characteristics was calculated.

Results: Moderate-to-severe hypernasality and weak pressure consonants were present in 5%–10% of the children at 5?years, with marginal but statistically significant improvement at 10?years of age. Frequently or always occurring audible nasal air leakage was detected in 20% of children at age 5, and increased to ～35% of the children at 10?years. Ten per cent had compensatory articulation at age 5, and 25% demonstrated s-distortions, whereas few had these problems at age 10.

Conclusions: The results demonstrate low occurrence of compensatory articulation problems in this cohort, even by 5?years of age. The high presence of symptoms of velopharyngeal insufficiency at 10?years of age suggests a need for additional secondary velopharyngeal surgery.     

Extensions to the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS)

This report describes three extensions to a classification system for paediatric speech sound disorders termed the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS). Part I describes a classification extension to the SDCS to differentiate motor speech disorders from speech delay and to differentiate among three sub-types of motor speech disorders. Part II describes the Madison Speech Assessment Protocol (MSAP), an ～ 2-hour battery of 25 measures that includes 15 speech tests and tasks. Part III describes the Competence, Precision, and Stability Analytics (CPSA) framework, a current set of ～ 90 perceptual- and acoustic-based indices of speech, prosody, and voice used to quantify and classify sub-types of Speech Sound Disorders (SSD). A companion paper provides reliability estimates for the perceptual and acoustic data reduction methods used in the SDCS. The agreement estimates in the companion paper support the reliability of SDCS methods and illustrate the complementary roles of perceptual and acoustic methods in diagnostic analyses of SSD of unknown origin. Examples of research using the extensions to the SDCS described in the present report include diagnostic findings for a sample of youth with motor speech disorders associated with galactosemia, and a test of the hypothesis of apraxia of speech in a group of children with autism spectrum disorders. All SDCS methods and reference databases running in the PEPPER (Programs to Examine Phonetic and Phonologic Evaluation Records) environment will be disseminated without cost when complete.     

功能性构音障碍患儿自愈情况分析

目的：分析未做治疗、初诊为功能性构音障碍的各个年龄阶段患儿的语音自愈情况。方法按年龄将247例功能性构音障碍患儿分成5组,1年后复诊时对患儿语音情况再次评估,统计分析患儿语音发育和年龄之间的关系。结果247例功能性构音障碍患儿中有83例（33．6％）自愈,其各年龄组比例如下：3～4岁（含3岁）组62．5％,4～5岁（含4岁）组28．7％,5～6岁（含5岁）组30．4％,6～7岁（含6岁）组40％,7岁以上（含7岁）组22．2％。各组之间差异总体比较具有统计学意义（χ2＝12．5, P＝0．014）,其中3～4岁组自愈率与4～5岁组（χ2＝9．3,P＝0．002）、5～6岁组（χ2＝7．7,P＝0．005）及7岁以上组（χ2＝8．5,P＝0．004）的差异均具有统计学意义,而其余组间差异两两比较均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论功能性构音障碍患儿不同年龄组自愈情况存在差异,其中3～4岁组构音障碍患儿自愈能力最强,建议可延长观察时间;7岁以上组自愈能力最弱。     

行为疗法在功能性舌根音障碍矫治中的应用

目的:探讨功能性语音障碍患者应用行为疗法矫治异常舌根音,提高舌根音清晰度的方法。方法:对12例功能性异常舌根音患者运用行为疗法进行语音治疗,收集治疗前后的语音资料进行对比评估。结果:患者舌根音的语音清晰度由治疗前的52.67±11.49提高到治疗后的77.67±6.11,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:应用行为疗法在矫治功能性异常舌根音,可达到提高语音清晰度,改善语音功能的目的。