Cognitive processes involved in the appraisal of stress

Four experiments were organized around a central question: What is the form of relationship between estimated stress level on the one hand and situation strain, personal resources and social support, on the other? The first experiment examined the form of the relationship between estimated level of stress, situation strain and personal resources. The participants were students. They integrated situation strain and personal resources information in a non‐additive way. In particular, the effect of personal resources on the estimated level of stress varied as a function of the level of situation strain considered. When the situation strain was low, the stress level related with this circumstance largely depended on the personal resources of the individual. When the situation strain was high, the stress level related with this circumstance was much less dependent on the personal resources of the individual. The second experiment replicated these results among first‐aid workers, fire‐fighters and persons that had recently been injured. The third and fourth experiments replicated these results in various conditions differing as regards the level of social support. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同层次护生对临床教学质量的评价

目的分析不同层次护生对临床教学质量评价的差异,以便采取有针对性的教学方法.方法护生在每个科室实习结束后,采用自行设计的临床教学评价表对每名护生进行问卷调查,然后分别从中专、大专、本科护生填写的调查表中各随机抽取30%进行分析.结果对病房教学氛围和护士长教学管理的评价,本科与中专、大专护生间比较,差异有显著性意义(均P<0.05),中专与大专护生间无差异(P>0.05);对带教老师的评价,本科与中专、大专与中专护生间均差异有显著性意义(P<0.01,P<0.05),本科与大专间无差异(P>0.05).结论不同层次护生对临床教学质量评价的侧重点不同,本科生对病房教学氛围及护士长教学管理的要求较高,大专生次之.在临床教学中应根据护生的学历层次,采取有针对性的教学方法,以便不断提高临床教学质量.     

The Impact of Family Relations on Caregivers' Positive and Negative Appraisal of Their Caretaking Activities

This study examined the impact of family support and relationship difficulties between the caregiver and the care recipient on caregivers' satisfaction received from caregiving activities and subjective burden. Ninety‐seven individuals caring for a spouse or an adult child with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder participated in the study. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses, findings showed that relationship difficulties between the caregiver and the care recipient were associated with both satisfaction received from caregiving activities and subjective burden, after the effects of personal, contextual, and stressor variables were controlled. Family support was not associated with caregivers' appraisal of the situation.     

The Orienting Response as Novelty and Significance Detector: Reply to O''Gorman

O'Goiman's (1979) criticisms of the orienting response (OR) significance hypothesis are not well-founded. The hypothesis is not based solely on electrodermal data—studies reporting significance effects for heart rate and pupillary OR are cited. The hypothesis does not discard novelty but suggests that an interaction between uncertainty and significance triggers OR. Differential reactivity across OR components reflects stimulus- and individual-response factors, and does not require separate “significance registers.” Since the hypothesis specifically maintains that appraisals of stimulus significance affect the OR, not the mere fact of cognitive appraisal per se, no general “cognitive appraisal effect” was ever expected. O'Gorman confuses the difficulty of estimating the subject's spontaneous judgments of significance with the relative ease of manipulating significance in the laboratory. He considers classic OR theory more “objective” only because he fails to look closely enough at the complex judgmental processes involved in stimulus intake, model building, and matching functions. O'Gorman's contentions of different initial- and test-ORs, and of a simple additive relationship between significance and OR, lack supportive data and are challenged by available evidence. Literature is cited suggesting that: a) scanning is continuously biased toward the detection of significant stimuli; b) detection of a sgnificant stimulus feature triggers increased information scanning, increasing the possibility that previously unrecognized uncertainty will be detected, and c) lowers the criterion level of the OR “threshold,” increasing the likelihood of OR if uncertainty is detected. Evidence is cited suggesting that the significance-OR, and perhaps attention in general, is mediated by neocortical-limbic interaction, the limbic' “motivational” evaluator of stimulus input steering and switching neocortical “intellectual” analyzers of stimulus pattern.     

基于共生理论的国家医联体绩效考核指标分析及优化

基于共生理论,从共生单位、共生环境、共生模式和共生界面4个要素入手,分析国家医联体绩效考核指标中存在问题。国家医联体绩效考核指标的横向可比性有待增强,部分指标标准未统一,指标导向性不强。由此总结出加强医联体绩效考核的导向性作用,强化指标的横向可比性,将医联体文化融合的指标纳入医联体绩效考核四项措施。     

肥胖者与非肥胖者24小时动态血压对比观察

目的：比较肥胖者和非肥胖者24h动态血压变化与高血压检出率。方法：采用24h动态血压监测技术,对肥胖者和非肥胖者24h平均收缩压和平均舒张压,白昼与夜间平均收缩压和平均舒张压,血压负荷,平均心率,24h血压波动趋势进行对比观察,结果：肥胖者各项血压指标及平均心率均较非肥胖者有明显升高（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论：肥胖者高血压检出率明显高于非肥胖者,动态血压监测技术对肥胖者血压的评估有一定临床意义。     

妇幼保健机构二级评审中实现护理指标的探讨

妇幼保健机构等级评审细则对护理管理有明确的管理目标和量化指标。广州市妇幼保健院在二级妇幼保健机构等级评审工作中,护理管理确立以质量管理为核心,使护理管理工作制度化、质量管理标准化、质量控制数据化、技术操作规范化、病区设置规格化和日常工作程序化。按评审细则要求评价护理部在实施目标管理中对护理管理、院内感染管理和爱婴医院工作的管理能力和业务水平,注重考察护理人员的整体素质和操作技能,使护理工作趋向标准化、规范化和科学化管理。     

浅谈绩效考评工具

绩效考评工具在整个人力资源管理与考评系统中处于核心地位。科学的绩效考评工具应具有工作分析、考评工具的信度、效度3个必要的、不可缺的基本特征。绩效考评工具主要包括特征导向、结果导向和行为导向3种。开发绩效考评工具应针对企事业单位的实际情况；针对不同领域、不同层次的员工开发出以工作分析为基础、信度和效度良好、实用性强的绩效考评工具，从而发挥绩效考评的作用；对员工的工作进行开发和指导，以提高员工的业绩和对工作的成就感、满意度。