西安市2～3岁儿童的气质结构探讨

本文采用幼儿气质问卷(TTS)对233名2～3岁入托儿童的气质结构进行了研究。结果显示:该年龄组不同性别儿童的气质结构无明显差异;本组儿童的主要气质类型为中间偏易型(I一E),其次为容易抚育型(E);同西方(美国纽约)儿童比较,我国儿童的气质结构有一定特征。     

婴儿测试行为与智力发展相关性的研究

目的：分析自行编制的一套婴幼儿测试行为评定量表集中反映了哪些行为倾向，并探讨测试行为与智力与运动能力之矧的关系。方法：对象为227名6—12个月的正常婴儿（男130名，女97名），采用贝利婴幼儿发展量表（BSID）和自编的婴儿测试行为评定量表作为研究工具。应用因子分析、方差分析和相关分析的统计学方法进行统计分析。结果：提取出目标定向性，觉醒状态，负性情绪，正性情绪，反应性，活动量共6个因子，方差贡献率为65．43％。目标定向性、觉醒状态、正性情绪、反应性与智力发育指数（MDI）存在明显的相关，目标定向性，正性情绪，反应性与运动发育指数（PDI）存在明显的相关。结论：婴儿测试行为与智力发展相关。     

武汉市1150例学龄前儿童气质特点分析

目的：了解学龄前儿童气质变化特点，为制订武汉市儿童气质常模提供依据。方法：选取武汉市桥口和江岸两城区3所幼儿园中1150名符合条件学龄前儿童为调查对象；采用《3～7岁儿童气质测查问卷》和自制《学龄前儿童基本情况调查表》进行调查。结果：随年龄增长，儿童活动水平降低、节律性增强、注意分散度降低且更易于接近，气质朝积极方向发展；男童较女童活动水平高，节律性强、心境积极，反应阈高；合并麻烦型的构成比高于全国常模；男女童与常模的维度得分存在较多差异。结论：武汉市学龄前儿童气质呈现明显的性别与年龄规律，但与全国常模存在较多差异，应进一步寻找原因，必要时建立武汉市学龄前儿童气质常模。     

Emotion and psychopathy: startling new insights

Abnormal affective response in psychopaths is conceptualized within a broad theory of emotion that emphasizes reciprocal appetitive and defensive motivational systems. The startle response is proposed as a specific measure of the directional component of emotional activation. I review the literature that indicates that criminal psychopaths do not show the expected potentiation of the startle reflex that normally occurs during processing of aversive stimuli such as unpleasant photographs or punishment cues. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that this deviant response pattern is specific to individuals who display the classic affective symptoms of psychopathy. The core emotional deviation in psychopathy could be a deficit in fear response, which is defined as a failure of aversive cues to prime normal defensive actions. This emotional deficit may represent an extreme variant of normal temperament.     

重点高中生的心理状态与高考成绩的相关性研究

目的;了解重点高中学生的心理状态与高考成绩之间的关系。方法：以398例应届生为对象,应用16PF人格测验,气质测量工具（STI,TTI）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）,对考生进行测试分析,结果：文理科学生的16PF的人格特质有明显的差别,判别分析和多因素回归分析显示16PF人格特质中的Q1因素（实验性F＝8．76,P＜0．01）,Q2因素（独立性F＝8．23,P＜0．01）,与高考成绩呈正相关,与M因素（幻想性F＝4．88,P＜0．01）,呈负相关;气质中的神经过程灵活性（F＝8．15,P＜0．01）和时间特质中的灵活性（F＝12．36,P＜0．01）与高才成绩呈正相关。结论：高考生的实验性,独立性高分及幻想性低分的个性特质和气质上的灵活性有助于高考成绩的发挥,学生文理科分班宜参考学生人格特质这一特点,。     

表现主义:林语堂文学观的核心

林语堂是一个强调主体精神的作家 ,他认为文学艺术是自我的表现 ,并从克罗齐的表现主义和晚明的性灵说中为自己寻找理论依据。林语堂创作中所要表现的“自我” ,是主体特有的精神表记 ,自始至终伴随着主体的情感活动。在艺术发现阶段 ,他突出了感悟的作用 ;在艺术构思阶段 ,他看到了情感对创作动机的激发和推动 ;在艺术表达阶段 ,他提倡行于当行之时 ,止于不得不止处 ,随意而作 ,不拘格套。林语堂站在浪漫主义立场上接受“表现主义” ,强调“自我” ,也是时代精神使然。     

Intelligence and temperament as protective factors for mental health. A cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological study

The Sjöbring system of personality dimensions measuring intellectual capacity, activity, impulsivity and sociability was used to study possible salutogenic (i.e. causes of health) effects. The study comprised 590 subjects investigated in 1947, 1957, 1972 and 1988–1989 in the Lundby project, an epidemiological study in Sweden. Psychiatric diagnoses were made in 1947, 1957 and 1972. Mental health was estimated in 1988–1989 using the concept love well, work well, play well and expect well. The Sjöbring dimensions were clinically assessed in 1972. Both in the concurrent study in 1972 and in the prospective study in 1988–1989 super capacity (high intellectual function), super validity (high activity level) and super solidity (low impulsivity) were statistically associated with lower frequencies of certain psychiatric diagnoses and a higher frequency of positive mental health. These variables are proposed to increase coping capacity, and therefore increase stress resilience.     

幼儿气质特点的初步探讨

探讨幼儿气质特点,以便指导因材施教和预防儿童行为问题的发生。方法在成都市武侯区随机抽取１岁组和２岁组幼儿６００名,用邓国苏引进并中国化的《幼儿气质评估表》测定其气质。结果男女幼儿间有统计学差异的气质维度为规律性和注意办分散度,女性幼儿更有规律性,男性幼儿注意力易于分散;     

Human behavioral flexibility: A psychogenetic study

Forty-seven two-children families from Moscow were used in a study to assess genetic determination of behavior flexibility, which was measured by eight laboratory tests. Flexibility is regarded as a temperament trait. There was no age- or sex-specific differentiation of human behavioral flexibility. Genetic determination of indices was used as a criterion for construct validization of flexibility tests. Factor analysis produced two principal components of flexibility: operational flexibility and afferent flexibility. The study showed that a considerable part of the phenotypic variability of the flexibility indices included in different factors is under approximately equal genetic control. The flexibility factors differ in their genetic determination. In the inheritance of the first factor the leading role belongs to the additive component, whereas the dominance effects are more prominent in the second factor of flexibility.     

Behavioural inhibition: A predictor of anxiety

Anxiety disorders are prevalent and contribute to emotional suffering and significant economic loss. Early identification and treatment are essential, not only to reduce the associated morbidity, disability and mortality of the anxiety disorders themselves, but also to minimize development of frequent comorbidities such as depression and substance abuse. To understand the factors that increase susceptibility to developing anxiety disorders, a temperamental construct called behavioural inhibition, which refers to the consistent tendency of some children to demonstrate fear and withdrawal in novel situations, has been developed. The present article reviews studies investigating this model as a premorbid predictor of those at risk for developing anxiety disorders, including prospective studies of children at risk as well as retrospective and family studies. In summary, these data suggest the usefulness of this model and a need for further research to determine the optimal management of behaviourally inhibited children as a potential way to prevent adult psychopathology.