磁场对荷瘤小鼠TNF及TNFR水平的影响

目的　观察磁场对荷瘤鼠瘤组织内肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)及肿瘤坏死因子受体 (TNFR)的影响。方法　采用磁场照射荷瘤小鼠瘤区。结果　磁疗组小鼠体内TNF活性明显增强 ,TNFR表达量增多 ,与非磁疗组相比 ,差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　磁场具有增强荷瘤小鼠TNF活性并促进TNFR表达的作用。     

Tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFRII) exon 6 polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that exhibits extensive clinical heterogeneity. Several studies have suggested a role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in SLE and recently, the locus encompassing the TNF receptor II (TNFRII), which is a mediator of TNF effect, was amongst the candidate loci suggested by genetic linkage studies of multi-case SLE families. Komata et al. reported an association between a polymorphism at position 196 (R allele) of TNFR II and SLE in Japanese patients. We have typed SLE patients from two different ethnic populations, Spanish and UK Caucasoids, for this polymorphism using a polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)-based technique. No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were found between cases and matched controls in either population. The TNFRII 196R allele does not appear to be associated with SLE susceptibility in either Spanish or UK populations.     

美法仑治愈荷瘤小鼠的过程与TNFα的关系

目的探讨单一剂量的美法仑治愈荷瘤野生型C57BL/6小鼠的过程与肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)的关系。方法以3种遗传背景相同、肿瘤坏死因子受体1(TNFR1)基因型不同的TNFR1 / 、TNFR1 /-和TNFR1-/-C57BL/6小鼠为实验动物,皮下接种数量相同的小鼠淋巴瘤EL4细胞。接种瘤细胞后12d,给基因型不同的各组荷瘤小鼠腹腔内单次注射7.5mg/kg的美法仑。以荷瘤野生型C57BL/6小鼠(TNFR1 / )为对照,观察美法仑对荷瘤TNFR1 /-C57BL/6小鼠和荷瘤TNFR1-/-C57BL/6小鼠的治疗效应。结果在美法仑(7.5mg/kg)治疗后的1周内,基因型不同的各组荷瘤小鼠肿瘤消退的速度基本相同。在随后的2月内,荷瘤TNFR1 / 和TNFR1 /-C57BL/6小鼠的肿瘤结节逐渐消退、肿瘤治愈;而多数荷瘤TNFR1-/-C57BL/6小鼠的肿瘤结节缩小后又再次出现并逐渐长大、肿瘤复发。结论TNFα与美法仑治愈肿瘤的过程密切相关,其中美法仑的抗肿瘤作用与荷瘤小鼠TNFR1的表达无关,但在美法仑治疗后,机体预防或避免肿瘤复发方面需要TNFR1在机体细胞的表达,而不是在肿瘤细胞的表达。     

GITR: a multifaceted regulator of immunity belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily

Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR; TNFRSF18), a receptor belonging to the TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF), is activated by GITRL. GITR is expressed at low levels on resting responder T lymphocytes and is up-regulated in T regulatory cells (Treg cells) and in activated T cells. GITRL is expressed in endothelial and antigen-presenting cells. The cytoplasmic region of GITR has a striking homology with other TNFRSF members (4-1BB, CD27, OX40) and binds TRAF molecules and Siva. Over recent years, the role of GITR in the development and in the pathophysiology of the immune system has been actively explored by several groups. GITR triggering induces both pro- and anti-apoptotic effects, abrogates the suppressive activity of Treg cells and co-stimulates responder T cells, with the latter activities over-stimulating the immune system. In vivo, GITR activation causes development of autoimmune diseases and restores immune responses in a persistent retroviral infection model and in a tumor model. Intriguingly, GITR knockout mice demonstrate lower mortality in an ischemia model. The GITR-GITRL system appears crucial in regulating immunity and warrants further study.     

溴氰菊酯对PC12细胞Fas、FasL、TNFR1蛋白及凋亡的影响

背景与目的 :探讨溴氰菊酯诱导神经细胞凋亡及其神经毒作用机制。 材料与方法 :用免疫细胞化学法定性检测给予不同剂量水平(10 -4mol/L ,10 -5mol/L ,10 -6mol/L)的溴氰菊酯24h后 ,Fas、FasL、TNFR1蛋白在PC12细胞中的表达 ;流式细胞仪定量检测给予溴氰菊酯24h和48h后 ,Fas、FasL、TNFR1蛋白在PC12细胞中的相对表达量阳性细胞率(rateofpositivecells ,RPC)和平均荧光强度(meanfluorescenceintensity,MFI)及PC12细胞的凋亡率。 结果 :①Fas、FasL、TNFR1蛋白在对照组和各剂量组均为阳性表达 ,但镜下未见各蛋白在各组之间的差异表达。流式细胞仪检测发现 :染毒24h后 ,Fas、FasL蛋白在各组的表达没有差异 ,而TNFR1蛋白在中剂量和高剂量组的表达与对照组比较有升高 ;染毒48h后 ,Fas、FasL、TNFR1蛋白在高剂量组表达(MFI分别为42.85±8.4、37.91±1.65、8.09±1.83)与各自对照组比较均有升高。②染毒24h后 ,各剂量组凋亡率没有升高 ;染毒48h后 ,高剂量组凋亡率与对照组凋亡率比较有升高。③染毒48h组细胞凋亡率与溴氰菊酯浓度、Fas、Fasl蛋白含量有直线相关关系。 结论 :溴氰菊酯可能通过死亡受体Fas诱导PC12细胞凋亡。     

TNFR1在子宫内膜异位症和子宫腺肌病表达的研究

目的:探讨肿瘤坏死因子受体1(TNFR1)在子宫内膜异位症(内异症)和子宫腺肌病(腺肌病)的表达及在其发病机制中的作用。方法:采用免疫组化SABC法检测33例内异位症患者(内异症组)和40例腺肌病患者(腺肌病组)在位及异位子宫内膜TNFR1的表达,并与20例非内异症(对照组)在位内膜进行比较。结果:内异症组和腺肌病组异位内膜TNFR1的表达水平显著低于其在位内膜和对照组(P<0.05);TNFR1在内异症Ⅰ-Ⅱ期和Ⅲ-Ⅳ期间无显著差异(P>0.05),与内异症r-AFS临床分期亦无直线相关关系(P>0.05);TNFR1在分泌期的表达为内异症、腺肌病异位内膜<其在位内膜<对照组内膜(P<0.05)。结论:异位内膜TNFR1的低表达可能在内异症和腺肌病的发生中起重要作用。TNFR1与内异症严重程度无关。     

抑制TNFR/RIPK信号通路对神经细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究

【摘要】 目的 研究抑制TNFR/RIPK信号通路对急性脊髓损伤（ASCI）大鼠神经细胞凋亡的影响及作用机制。方法 160只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为空白对照组、假手术组、模型组、Nec 1组,每组又根据时间点分为12h、24h、3d、7d四个亚组。采用动脉夹钳夹法制作ASCI模型,空白对照组不做任何处理,假手术组仅暴露脊髓,不损伤脊髓,模型组和Nec 1组用动脉瘤夹脊髓全横截面1min,缝合伤口。空白对照组、假手术组和模型组注射给予生理盐水,Nec 1组注射坏死性凋亡抑制剂Necrostain 1（Nec 1）溶液1μl/kg,1次/d,分别给药12h、24h、3d、7d。给药后以BBB评分对各组大鼠后肢神经功能恢复情况进行评分,完成评分后,取10只给药7d的大鼠脊髓,进行HE染色、Nissl染色、碘化丙啶（PI）染色、Tunel染色;另取10只给药7d的大鼠,取脊髓,用Western Blot检测RIP1、RIP3、Bcl 2蛋白表达情况。结果 模型组和Nec 1组各时间点的BBB评分均显著低于空白对照组和假手术组（P＜005）,Nec 1组各时间点的BBB评分显著高于模型组（P＜005）。造模7d后,模型组脊髓出现坏死、空洞现象,大量炎性细胞浸润,坏死区域面积显著高于假手术组（P＜005）;尼氏体呈细颗粒状,神经元数量减少、染色浅、排列无序,坏死性凋亡细胞较多;PI红染细胞、Tunel阳性细胞数、凋亡小体数量,以及RIPK1、RIPK3、Bcl 2蛋白表达水平显著多于假手术组（P＜005）。给予Nec 1治疗7d后,Nec 1组脊髓坏死组织较模型组少,空洞现象得到改善,炎性细胞浸润现象好转,Nec 1组坏死区域面积显著低于空白对照组和假手术组（P＜005）;尼氏体着色的神经元细胞染色较深,颗粒变粗,存活神经元数量显著高于模型组（P＜005）;PI红染细胞数、凋亡小体数,以及RIPK1、RIPK3蛋白表达水平显著少于模型组（P＜005）,Bcl 2蛋白表达水平显著高于模型组（P＜005）。结论 坏死性凋亡抑制剂Nec 1能通过抑制TNFR/RIPK信号通路,下调RIPK1、RIPK3、上调Bcl 2的表达来缩小ASCI损伤面积,缓解炎症浸润,减少损伤周围神经元数量,改善神经元功能,提高损伤神经元及胶质细胞存活率,改善大鼠BBB评分,抑制坏死性凋亡。     

The Drosophila TNF ortholog Eiger: Emerging physiological roles and evolution of the TNF system

The TNF and TNFR superfamilies of proteins are conserved throughout evolution. The first invertebrate orthologs of TNF and TNFR, Eiger and Wengen, were identified in Drosophila, which enabled us to take advantage of its powerful genetics. Indeed, genetic studies on Eiger in the last decade have discovered their signaling mechanisms through activation of the JNK pathway and unveiled the role of Eiger-JNK signaling in a variety of cellular and tissue processes such as cell death, cell proliferation, tissue growth regulation, host defense, pain sensitization, and canalization. In this review, we will describe the in vivo signaling of Eiger and its physiological roles in fly development and homeostasis, and will discuss the evolution of the TNF/TNFR systems.     

肿瘤坏死因子受体选择性拮抗剂的研究进展

肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)信号通路是很有价值的治疗靶标,抗TNF药物已成功治疗自身免疫和炎症疾病,但传统的抗TNF药物完全封闭TNF信号通路,导致影响自身的免疫调节和监视功能而增加感染、致癌的风险和产生新的自身免疫疾病。选择性抑制sTNF/TNFR1而保留mTNF/TNFR2传导的信号能减少副作用而不降低治疗效果。该文探讨了选择性抑制TNFR1介导的信号通路对治疗TNF相关疾病的意义,分析TNF识别并激活肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)的作用机制,可能会为设计新药提供新的思路。     

Somatostatin receptors: From signaling to clinical practice

Somatostatin is a peptide with a potent and broad antisecretory action, which makes it an invaluable drug target for the pharmacological management of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1, 2A and B, 3, 4 and 5) belong to the G protein coupled receptor family and have a wide expression pattern in both normal tissues and solid tumors. Investigating the function of each SSTR in several tumor types has provided a wealth of information about the common but also distinct signaling cascades that suppress tumor cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. This provided the rationale for developing multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analogs and combination therapies with signaling-targeted agents such as inhibitors of the mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR). The ability of SSTR to internalize and the development of rabiolabeled somatostatin analogs have improved the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors.