高乳酸血症-卒中样发作综合征型线粒体脑肌病一家系两代四例报告

线粒体脑肌病属于罕见性母系遗传病，本文回顾性分析了1家4例高乳酸血症-卒中样发作综合征（MELAS）型线粒体脑肌病患者，其主要表现为卒中样发作、头痛、癫痫、高乳酸血症、肌肉不耐受疲劳、高级智能下降、听力下降和身材矮小等，结合特征性影像学变化、基因检测及肌肉活检明确诊断，并结合文献对只有女儿能将其线粒体DNA（mt-DNA）传递给下一代的母系遗传MELAS型线粒体脑肌病临床特点进行了总结分析，旨在帮助临床认识此病，进一步提高MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床诊断率。     

盐酸氨溴索与多索茶碱治疗慢性支气管炎的疗效评价

目的探讨对慢性支气管炎急性发作期患者采用盐酸氨溴索联合多索茶碱治疗的临床疗效。方法选取本院收治的慢性支气管炎急性发作期患者88例为研究对象,收治时间为2018年3月-2019年3月,根据入院时间将患者随机分为两组,对照组(n=44)和观察组(n=44)。观察组患者采用盐酸氨溴索联合多索茶碱治疗,对照组采用多索茶碱治疗,对两组患者治疗后的治疗有效率以及两组患者症状改善情况进行观察比较。结果观察组患者治疗有效率(97.7%)高于对照组(84.1%),P <0.05;观察组患者症状改善情况优于对照组,P <0.05。结论盐酸氨溴索联合多索茶碱治疗慢性支气管炎急性发作期患者,临床疗效较好,改善患者症状情况。     

The First‐Episode Psychosis Outcome Study: premorbid and baseline characteristics of an epidemiological cohort of 661 first‐episode psychosis patients

Aims: Studies conducted in first‐episode psychosis (FEP) samples avoid many biases. However, very few studies are based on epidemiological cohorts treated in specialized FEP services. The aim of this file audit study was to examine premorbid and baseline characteristics of a large epidemiological sample of FEP. Methods: File audit study of all patients admitted to the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre between 1998 and 2000 using a specialized questionnaire. Results: There were 661 patient files included in the study. Premorbid evaluation revealed high rates of substance use disorder (74.1%), history of psychiatric disorder (47.5%), past traumatic events (82.7%) suicide attempts (14.3%) and family history of psychiatric illness (55.6%). Baseline characteristics revealed high intensity of illness (mean CGI 5.5), high prevalence of lack of insight (62%) and high rate of comorbidity (70%). Conclusion: High rates of traumatic events or episodes of mental illness before treatment for FEP must be considered when designing treatment approaches because a too narrow focus on positive psychotic symptoms will inevitably lead to incomplete treatment. Additionally, early intervention programmes need sufficient range of resources to address the multiple challenges presented by FEP patients such as high severity of illness, comorbidities and functional impairment. Finally, observation of an important degree of functional impairment despite short duration of untreated psychosis suggests that while early detection of FEP is a necessary step in early intervention, it may not be sufficient to improve functional recovery in psychosis and that efforts aimed at identifying people during the prodromal phase of psychotic disorders should be pursued.     

有精神病性症状躁狂发作的临床特征研究

目的探讨有精神病性症状的躁狂发作的临床特征。方法使用自编的一般情况问卷及有精神病性症状的躁狂发作的精神症状调查问卷,共收集135例"有精神病性症状的躁狂发作"患者,并根据患者的精神病性症状是否与心境相协调进一步分成两组(非典型组59例和典型组76例),比较两组间临床资料的异同。结果在有精神病性症状的躁狂发作中,伴有与心境不协调的精神病性症状的非典型躁狂发作占43.7%、伴有与心境协调的精神病性症状的典型躁狂发作占56.3%,非典型躁狂发作在起病形式、病程特点、病前社会功能、病前性格、首发症状及近期疗效与典型躁狂发作相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),典型组在起病形式上以急性起病者居多,病程多表现为间歇性病程,病前社会功能良好,性格以外向者居多,多以情感症状为首发症状及近期疗效相对较好。结论伴有与心境协调的精神病性症状的典型躁狂发作和伴有与心境不协调的精神病性症状的非典型躁狂发作在临床上均极为常见,非典型躁狂发作为躁狂发作的一个特殊的亚型,我们应对其加强认识。     

Risk Factors for a First Febrile Seizure: A Matched Case-Control Study

Summary We conducted a matched casecontrol study to identify risk factors for first febrile seizures, with special emphasis on characteristics of the acute illness episode. Cases were identified through hospital emergency departments; controls were identified through outpatient clinics and emergency departments. Sixtynine children with first febrile seizures and no history of previous unprovoked seizures were matched for age (±6 months), site of routine pediatric care, and date of visit (±weeks) with 1 or 2 febrile controls who had no history of previous febrile or unprovoked seizures. Medical records for the index visit were reviewed, and parents were interviewed by telephone. Illness characteristics examined included height of temperature, type of underlying illness, contact with a physician during the illness but before the index visit, and use of acetaminophen or decongestants. Family history of febrile and of unprovoked seizures, sociodemographic characteristics, daycare use, and selected preand perinatal variables were also studied. On multivariable analysis, significant independent risk factors were height of temperature, history of febrile seizures in a firstor in a higher degree relative. Gastroenteritis as the underlying illness had a significant inverse (i.e., protective) association with febrile seizures. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was a marginally significant predictor of febrile seizures.     

A study of the interrupted REM episode

Brief interruptions of REM sleep are considered to be part of the REM episode. The maximum allowable duration of such an interruption, which is used to define the end of the REM episode, is currently a matter of debate. Making measurements on individual REM cycles, inter-REM interval analysis was carried out to determine whether the generally adopted 15 minute empirical rule for this maximum needs to be extended to 25 minutes as suggested by several including Kobayashi et al. Our results show that there is no reason to alter the 15 minute rule and that measurements which do not take into account the time-of-night effect may be misleading. The proportion of interrupted REM episodes observed in our population of healthy adults is high. We have therefore also examined in some detail the phenomenology of the temporal evolution of the structure and content of the interrupted REM episodes. Both showed a definite change over the night: the interruptions in the earlier episodes tend to return the system to slow wave sleep while those in the later episodes tend to return it to wake. It is hypothesized that these interruptions reflect a measure of REM sleep pressure and its interaction with both slow wave sleep and wake pressures.     

奎硫平合并心境稳定剂治疗躁狂发作的疗效

目的探讨奎硫平合并碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法将符合CCMD-3躁狂发作或分裂情感障碍诊断标准的68例研究对象随机分成两组,研究组应用奎硫平合并碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠,对照组单一使用碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠,治疗观察6周。采用Beck—Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)评定疗效,以副反应量表(TESS)及实验室有关辅助检查评价安全性。结果奎硫平组在治疗第1周末的减分率比对照组显著,这种差异在1～6周一直存在,而且第6周结束后的临床痊愈率也显著高于对照组。奎硫平组痊愈率为69．7%,对照组为19．2%(x~2=14．85,P＜0．01)。两组均没有严重的药物不良反应,因无疗效和不良反应导致的脱落率两组差异无显著性。奎硫平组脱落率为8．3%,对照组为18．7%(x~2=1．58,P＞0．05)。结论奎硫平合并碳酸锂或丙戊酸钠治疗躁狂发作的疗效比较理想,比单一使用心境稳定剂好。     

Moclobemide versus fluoxetine for a major depressive episode

The efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide (300–600 mg daily) and fluoxetine (20–40 mg daily) were compared in a 6-week, double-blind study of 65 inpatients and 34 outpatients suffering from major depressive episodes (DSM III-R). No statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups were noted regarding efficacy (HDRS, CGI) or safety (adverse events, laboratory examination, vital signs). Moclobemide (300–600 mg daily) and fluoxetine (20–40 mg daily) would thus appear to be comparable both in antidepressant efficacy and tolerability. Doubling the low dosage in non-responders after 3 weeks resulted in a statistically significant improvement of CGI in the moclobemide group by comparison with the fluoxetine group at study end, suggesting that 600 mg moclobemide/day can still improve the patient's condition, while 40 mg fluoxetine/day does not. Sexual dysfunction was reported in two patients taking fluoxetine.     

The Hospital Frailty Risk Score is Not an Accurate Predictor of Treatment Costs for Total Joint Replacement Patients in a Medicare Bundled Payment Population

BackgroundMedically complex patients require more resources and experience higher costs within total joint arthroplasty (TJA) bundled payment models. While risk adjustment would be beneficial for such patients, no tool currently exists which can reliably identify these patients preoperatively. The purpose of this study is to determine if the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is a valid predictor of high-TJA treatment costs.MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent primary TJA between 2015 and 2020 from a single large orthopedic practice. ICD-10 codes from an institutional database were used to calculate HFRS. Cost data including inpatient, postacute, and episode of care (EOC) costs were collected. Charlson comorbidity index, demographics, readmissions, and complications were analyzed.Results4936 patients had a calculable HFRS and those with intermediate and high scores experienced more frequent readmissions/complications after TJA, as well as higher EOC costs. However, HFRS did not reliably predict EOC costs, yielding a sensitivity of 49% and specificity of 66%. Multivariate analysis revealed that both patient age and sex are superior individual cost predictors when compared with HFRS. Secondary analyses indicated that HFRS more effectively predicts TJA complications and readmissions but is still nonideal for clinical applications.ConclusionHFRS has poor sensitivity as a predictor of high-EOC costs for TJA patients but has adequate specificity for predicting postoperative readmissions and complications. Further research is needed to develop a scale that can appropriately predict orthopedic cost outcomes.