An alternative method for significance testing of waveform difference potentials

Guthrie and Buchwald (1991) proposed an ad hoc procedure for assessing the statistical significance of waveform difference potentials that may arise in a variety of psychophysiology research contexts. In our paper, an alternative method is presented and demonstrated that has fewer underlying assumptions than does the Guthrie-Buchwald test and may, therefore, produce better results in some situations. In particular, the test proposed here (a) is distribution free, (b) requires no assumption of an underlying correlation structure (e.g., first-order autoregressive), (c) requires no estimate of the population autocorrelation coefficient, (d) is exact, (e) produces p values for any number of subjects and time points, and (f) is highly intuitive as well as theoretically justifiable. This procedure may be used to carry out multiple comparisons with exact specification or experimentwise error, however, this test is based on permutation principles and may require large amounts of computer time for its implementation.     

软组织肉瘤免疫组织化学研究的意义

本文旨在研究免疫组织化学在软组织肉瘤诊断、鉴别诊断的意义。判断肿瘤增生程度及预防 ,进展及治疗前景。     

非小细胞肺癌术后放疗的临床意义

目的　观察非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC)术后放疗的价值。材料与方法　回顾性分析我院自 1985 - 0 1～1995 - 12经手术治疗的非小细胞肺癌 170例 ,分为单纯手术组 (单术组 ) 94例 ,手术加放疗组 (术放组 ) 76例 ,单术组Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病例略多。单术组术后未再接受其他治疗 ;术放组术后 2～ 4周进行放疗 ,6MV -X线常规分割外放疗DT5 0GY～ 60GY。分别统计 2组间 5年总生存率、5年无瘤生存率、局部复发率和远处转移率 ,为了排除 2组间病期早晚对顾后的影响 ,还单独分析了Ⅲ期病例 2组间各分析指标的差别 ,统计采用X2 检验。结果　单术组和术放组的 5年总生存率分别为 31 9% (30 / 94 ) ,31 6% (2 4 / 76) ,(P >0 0 5 )。 5年无瘤生存率分别为 2 5 5 % (2 4 / 94 ) ,2 8 9% (2 6/ 76) ,(P >0 0 5 )。 2组局部复发率分别为 31 9% (30 / 94 ) ,2 3 7% (18/ 76) ,(P>0 0 5 )。远转率分别为 4 8 9% (4 6/ 94 ) ,4 4 7% (34 / 76) (P >0 0 5 )。单纯分析Ⅲ期病例 ,单术组和术放组 5年无瘤生存率分别为 2 5 % (14 / 5 6) ,38 7% (2 4 / 62 ) (P >0 0 5 )。 2组局部复发率分别为 39 3% (2 2 / 5 6) ,2 4 2 % (15 / 62 ) ,(0 0 5

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进展期低位直肠癌新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结清扫的选择和意义

侧方淋巴引流是低位直肠癌3个重要的淋巴引流方向之一。沿引流途径清扫淋巴结是直肠癌根治术基本要求,也决定淋巴结清扫范围。但侧方淋巴结是区域淋巴结还是远处淋巴结,一直存在争议。这带来新辅助放化疗和侧方淋巴结清扫、以及新辅助放化疗对侧方淋巴结转移疗效的争议。笔者综合分析国内外研究进展,对直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移规律、影响侧方淋巴结转移复发危险因素以及放化疗前后MRI检查对侧方淋巴结评估等进行深入阐述,并结合临床实践,探讨进展期低位直肠癌新辅助放化疗后侧方淋巴结清扫的选择和意义。     

Effect on electroencephalogram of chewing flavored gum

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of a chewing gum with and without our prepared new flavor. Electroencephalograms were obtained after the following three tests: chewing pure gumbase with sucrose (standard gumbase), chewing flavored standard gum and the inhalation of flavored aromatic oil. As the control, we used the pre-stimulus control EEG record without a stimulus. We examined the relationship between the pre-stimulus control record and the post-stimulus record using the changes of power in four bands. Chewing the standard gumbase led to an increase in the alpha wave and a decrease in the beta wave. Chewing the flavored standard gum and inhaling the flavored aromatic oil each increased the alpha and beta waves. In addition, chewing the flavored standard gum led to a change in the ratio of theta wave in the frontal area. The difference in the theta, alpha and beta bands in chewing gum with and without the added flavor suggested that the flavor as well as chewing could induce concentration with a harmonious high arousal state in brain function.     

KISS-1和VEGF—C在乳头状甲状腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的研究KISS—1、VEGF—C在乳头状甲状腺癌组织中的表达情况，分析两者表达与乳头状甲状腺癌临床病理特征的关系以及两者的相关性。方法收集乳头状甲状腺癌组织病理标本48例及其正常甲状腺组织20例，采用免疫组织化学SP法检测KISS—1、VEGF—C在乳头状甲状腺癌组织中的表达情况，分析KISS—1、VEGF—C在乳头状甲状腺癌组织中阳性表达率与临床病理学特征之间的关系以及两者表达之间的相关性。结果KISS-1、VEGF—C在乳头状甲状腺癌组织和正常甲状腺组织中的阳性表达率之间具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。KISS-1、VEGF—C在乳头状甲状腺癌组织中的阳性表达率与肿瘤大小、颈部淋巴结转移、临床分期相关且均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。KISS-1和VEGF—C的表达与患者的性别、年龄均无关（P〉0．05）；KISS-1与VEGF—C在乳头状甲状腺癌组织表达存在负相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论KISS—1、VEGF—C的表达水平与乳头状甲状腺癌有关，且与肿瘤大小、颈部淋巴结转移状况、临床分期相关，与患者性别、年龄无关。KISS-1在乳头状甲状腺癌组织的表达与VEGF—C呈负相关关系。KISS-1、VEGF—C联合检测可作为乳头状甲状腺癌恶性潜能的判断指标。     

From the Cover: Science in support of the Deepwater Horizon response

This introduction to the Special Feature presents the context for science during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response, summarizes how scientific knowledge was integrated across disciplines and statutory responsibilities, identifies areas where scientific information was accurate and where it was not, and considers lessons learned and recommendations for future research and response. Scientific information was integrated within and across federal and state agencies, with input from nongovernmental scientists, across a diverse portfolio of needs—stopping the flow of oil, estimating the amount of oil, capturing and recovering the oil, tracking and forecasting surface oil, protecting coastal and oceanic wildlife and habitat, managing fisheries, and protecting the safety of seafood. Disciplines involved included atmospheric, oceanographic, biogeochemical, ecological, health, biological, and chemical sciences, physics, geology, and mechanical and chemical engineering. Platforms ranged from satellites and planes to ships, buoys, gliders, and remotely operated vehicles to laboratories and computer simulations. The unprecedented response effort depended directly on intense and extensive scientific and engineering data, information, and advice. Many valuable lessons were learned that should be applied to future events.     

影响我国分级诊疗制度推进的关键问题研究

目的:从问题的重要性与可解决程度两个维度,评价影响我国分级诊疗制度推进的关键问题,为下一步的政策制定提供决策参考。方法:通过文献回顾,系统性收集和筛选了77篇相关文献,在此基础上归纳出影响我国分级诊疗制度推进的20个问题;同时运用德尔菲法和层次分析法,构建相应的评价指标体系;对这20个问题的重要性与可解决性进行评价,最后运用变异系数法确定影响我国分级诊疗制度推进的关键问题。结果:将全科医生急缺且服务能力不足、医师多点执业制度的不完善阻碍医生自由流动以及现行财政投入机制不利于分级诊疗的推行这三个问题列为关键问题。结论:建议通过改革全科医学教育,解除医师自由执业的政策束缚,大力支持基层民营医疗机构的发展,构建基层医疗机构与上级医院之间的协作制约关系等政策来解决当前分级诊疗制度所面临的关键问题。     

妙笔生心花——谈谈《红楼梦》与《呼啸山庄》的梦境式叙事技巧

《红楼梦》与《呼啸山庄》这两部小说中都存在梦境的描写,梦境在两部小说中起着非常大的作用。本文将从文学的叙事角度来对《红楼梦》与《呼啸山庄》梦境式的叙事技巧进行评价。     

糖尿病胃瘫大鼠胃窦平滑肌自噬相关蛋白的动态变化及其意义

目的 观察糖尿病大鼠胃窦平滑肌自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1和LC3的变化,探讨其在糖尿病胃动力障碍发生过程中的意义。 方法 将大鼠分为模型2周（DM2w）、模型4周（DM4w）和正常对照（NC）组,检测各组胃窦平滑肌Beclin-1和LC3蛋白表达。 结果 与NC组相比,DM2w、DM4w组胃窦平滑肌Beclin-1蛋白相对表达量均较高[（0.13±0.04）vs（0.22±0.12）,P〈0.05;（0.13±0.04）vs（0.62±0.07）,P〈0.01],且DM4w组高于DM2w组[（0.62±0.07）vs（0.22±0.12）,P〈0.01]。LC3蛋白显示LC3-Ⅰ和LC3-Ⅱ两条带,与NC组相比,DM2w、DM4w组胃窦平滑肌LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值均较高[（0.98±0.09）vs（2.28±0.20）,P〈0.01;（0.98±0.09）vs（2.34±0.21）,P〈0.01],DM2w组与DM4w组比较差异无统计学意义[（2.28±0.20）vs（2.34±0.21）,P〉0.05]。 结论 自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1和LC3的表达在糖尿病胃动力障碍发病前随病程逐渐加强,自噬可能影响糖尿病胃动力障碍发生。