丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全麻的效果分析与研究

目的 探讨丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全身麻醉(全麻)的效果。方法 62例腹腔镜、泌尿科、骨科、肛肠科、妇科等手术治疗的患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组31例。对照组采用常规气管插管静脉复合全麻,实验组给予靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全麻。比较两组患者插入喉罩(插管)、插管1 min、插管3 min、拔出喉罩(拔管)1 min、拔管3 min时心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP)水平;不良反应发生情况、麻醉效果;全麻起效时间、维持全麻时间、术后苏醒时间。结果 实验组插管时、插管1 min、插管3 min、拔管1 min、拔管3 min的HR水平分别为(77.52±6.36)、(73.26±5.56)、(72.01±4.69)、(75.35±7.63)、(72.34±6.79)次/min,均低于对照组的(92.34±7.85)、(87.97±5.25)、(78.85±5.20)、(95.69±9.21)、(85.63±7.43)次/min,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组插管时、插管1 min、插管3 min、拔管1 min、拔管3 min的MAP水平分别为(90.25±6.73)、(87.65±7.98)、(88.79±7.65)、(88.09±5.61)、(88.52±5.16)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),均低于对照组的(109.51±7.85)、(103.27±12.43)、(102.52±8.21)、(106.74±7.68)、(104.62±7.71)mm Hg,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组不良反应发生率3.23%低于对照组的19.35%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组麻醉总有效率96.77%均高于对照组的80.65%,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组全麻起效、维持全麻、术后苏醒时间分别为(1.61±0.23)、(100.59±6.72)、(17.99±3.52)min,均短于对照组的(2.93±0.41)、(123.61±7.85)、(36.87±4.16)min,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 针对腹腔镜等手术患者应用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全麻对血液动力学影响小,不良反应发生率低,麻醉效果良好,降低对机体损伤,值得推广应用。     

瑞芬太尼对老年患者麻醉诱导时血流动力学的影响

［摘要］目的观察瑞芬太尼全麻诱导对老年患者血流动力学的影响。方法60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级老年患者随机分成3组，F组、R1组和R2组，每组20例。F组静脉诱导用药：咪达唑仑0.05 mg·kg-1，芬太尼3 μg·kg-1，丙泊酚1 mg·kg-1，待入睡后注入维库溴铵0.1 mg·kg-1气管插管；R1组用瑞芬太尼1 μg·kg-1代替芬太尼；R2组用瑞芬太尼1.5 μg·kg-1代替芬太尼。观察诱导时血压、心率的变化，同时记录使用阿托品和麻黄碱情况。结果R2组最低血压（MAP1 ）、最高血压（MAP2）明显低于其他两组(P＜0.05＝； R2组 最低心率（HR1）、最高心率（HR2）明显低于F组(P＜0.05＝。结论瑞芬太尼可以用于老年患者的全麻诱导，但在诱导时要密切注意血流动力学变化。     

Ester und Stereoisomere

This review discusses concepts of isomers, stereoisomers, chirality, and enantiomers as applied to drugs used in anaesthesia. The inhalational anaesthetics enflurane and isoflurane are examples of stereoisomers. A chiral centre is formed when a carbon or quaternary nitrogen atom is connected to four different atoms. A molecule with one chiral centre is then present in one of two possible configurations termed enantiomers. A racemate is a mixture of both enantiomers in equal proportions. Many of the drugs used in anaesthesia are racemic mixtures (the inhalational anaesthestics, local anaesthetics, ketamine, and others). The shape of the atracurium molecule is comparable to that of a dumb-bell: the two isoquinoline groups representing the two bulky ends connected by an aliphatic chain. In each isoquinoline group there are two chiral centres, one formed by a carbon and the other by a quaternary nitrogen atom. From a geometric point of view, the connections from the carbon atom to a substituted benzene ring and from the quaternary nitrogen to the aliphatic chain may point in the same direction (cis configuration) or in opposite directions (trans configuration). The two isoquinoline groups in atracurium are paired in three geometric configurations: cis-cis, trans-trans, or cis-trans. However, the two chiral centres allow each isoquinoline group to exist in one of four stereoisomeric configurations. In the symmetrical atracurium molecule, the number of possible stereoisomers is limited to ten. Among these, 1 R-cis, 1′ R-cis atracurium was isolated and its pharmacologic properties studied. This isomer, named cis-atracurium, offers clinical advantages over the atracurium mixture, principally due to the lack of histamine-releasing propensity and the higher neuromuscular blocking potency. The ester groups appear in one of two steric configurations true and reverse esters. In the true esters, oxygen is positioned between the nitrogen atom and the carbonyl group, while in the reverse esters it is positioned on the other side of the carbonyl group. True esters, suxamethonium and mivacurium, are hydrolysed by the enzyme plasma cholinesterase (butyrylcholinesterase), albeit at different rates. The more rapid degradation of suxamethonium is responsible for its fast onset and short duration of action in comparison with mivacurium. The reverse esters, atracurium, cisatracurium, and remifentanil, are hydrolysed by nonspecific esterases in plasma (carboxyesterases). Remifentanil is hydrolysed rapidly; the degradation leads to its inactivation and short duration of action. Cis-atracurium is preferentially degraded and inactivated by a process known as Hofmann elimination. In a second step, one of the degradation products, the monoester acrylate, is hydrolysed by a nonspecific esterase.     

曲马朵预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后早期疼痛的体会

目的:探讨曲马朵预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后早期疼痛的疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的90例手术治疗患者的临床资料。结果:观察组苏醒程度评分、镇痛效果评分均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:曲马多预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后早期疼痛效果明显,不良反应少,值得临床推广应用。     

异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼应用于单肺通气麻醉的临床研究

目的：研究异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼联合应用单肺麻醉时对肺内分流、PaO2、清醒的影响．方法：选择胸外科行肺叶切除24例病人，随机分为两组，A组：异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼静脉全麻组12例；B组：异丙酚复合吸入异氟醚麻醉组12例。A组：静脉泵注异丙酚50μg／kg/min与瑞芬太尼0．05μg／kg/min混合液维持麻醉；B组：静脉泵注芬太尼0．05μg/kg／min与氟派利多2．5μg/kg／min混合液、复合吸人异氟醚1％～2％维持麻醉，分别在麻醉前、TLV 30min（TLV1），OLV 30min、OLV 60min．再次TLV 30min（TLV2）、手术结束等5个时点抽取动脉血和混合静脉血进行血气分析。结果：OLV开始后，Qs／Qt于TLV时高于麻醉前与TLV1时，OLV 30min、60min时Qs／Qt达最高，B组在OLV 30min、OLV 60min时，Qs／Qt高于A组（P〈0．01）。结论：异丙酚和瑞芬太尼联合麻醉能改善动脉血氧和减少肺内分流，且容易清醒。     

Kognitive Störungen in der frühen postoperativen Phase nach Remifentanil/Propofol- und Sevofluran/Fentanylanästhesie

OBJECTIVE: In ambulatory anaesthesia the time required to recover from cognitive impairment should be as short as possible. The aim of this study was to compare the early cognitive recovery after remifentanil/propofol (R/P) and sevoflurane/fentanyl (S/F) anaesthesia. METHODS: Sixty patients scheduled for elective gynaecological laparoscopy and 24 female volunteers tested for the assessment of learning effects were investigated. After praemedication with midazolam anaesthesia was induced with propofol, atracurium and either 1 microgram/kg fentanyl or 1 microgram/kg remifentanil. For maintenance 0.25 microgram/kg/min remifentanil and 0.6 mg/kg/min propofol (R/P) or 1.7 vol% sevoflurane (S/F) were given. Both groups were ventilated with 30% oxygen in air and received metamizol for postoperative analgesia. Verbal Learning Test, Stroop Colour and Word Interference Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Four Boxes Test were performed the day before surgery and 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h after termination of anaesthesia. RESULTS: For remifentanil/propofol cognitive function was still impaired 2 h (Verbal Learning) and 4 h (Stroop, Digit Symbol Substitution and Four Boxes Test) after termination of anaesthesia. After sevoflurane/fentanyl anaesthesia cognitive impairment lasted the same duration in Four Boxes Test, but shorter in Stroop and Digit Symbol Substitution and could not be found in Verbal Learning Test. CONCLUSION: The duration of cognitive impairment in the early postoperative period differed by the test procedures and the anaesthetic procedures used in this investigation. Recovery appeared to be faster after sevoflurane/fentanyl than after remifentanil/propofol at least in aspects of cognitive function.     

Effects of remifentanil on neutrophil adhesion, transmigration, and intercellular adhesion molecule expression

BACKGROUND: Anaesthetic drugs are used for pain therapy and anaesthesia. Neutrophils play a significant role during the process of inflammation. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of remifentanil and fentanyl on neutrophil migration through endothelial cell monolayers, and on adhesion molecule expression. METHODS: After isolation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNL) we used a currently described migration assay. PMNL and/or endothelial cell monolayers (ECM) were pre-treated with remifentanil using clinically relevant, as well as higher and lower concentrations or relevant concentrations of fentanyl. RESULTS: Concentrations of remifentanil (50 ng/mL) similar to the relevant plasma concentration were able to inhibit PMNL migration through ECM significantly (migration compared to the control 82+/-7% SD; P<0.05), when both cell types were treated with the synthetic narcotic remifentanil. Fentanyl (30 ng/mL) showed a stronger inhibitory effect (migration compared to the control 67+/-9.2%; P<0.05). Endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression was reduced after either remifentanil or fentanyl. CONCLUSION: The results of the present investigation indicate that remifentanil influences interaction of ECM against human neutrophils. Compared to fentanyl, remifentanil seems to exhibit minor inhibitory effects on neutrophil migration.     

舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对全麻诱导期机体应激反应的影响

目的：观察舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、芬太尼用于全麻诱导对机体应激反应和血液动力学的影响。方法：60例择期全麻手术患者，根据诱导时辅用镇痛药物的不同，按随机、双盲方法分为舒芬太尼(S)组、瑞芬太尼(R)组和芬太尼(F)组。分别于诱导前(T，基础值)、插管前即刻(T0)、插管后1?min(T1)、3?min(T2)、5?min(T3)记录收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、SpO2，并在各时点抽取静脉血，用高效液相色谱法测定血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)和肾上腺素（E）的浓度。结果：T0时三组的MAP、HR和T时相比显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)，且R组下降幅度高于F、S组。F组：T1时的MAP、HR明显高于T时，亦高于相同时点的R、S组（P＜0.01）,于T2、T3时刻恢复至基础水平。R组：T1时的MAP、HR与T时相比无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,但从T1 到T3 MAP、HR呈持续下降趋势，至T2、T3时已明显低于T时，有2例HR达55次/分。S组MAP、HR在T、T1、T2、T3时的比较，差异无统计学意义。NE和E浓度除F组在T1、T2时高于基础值（P＜0.05或P＜0.01），其余各时点间比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：和芬太尼相比，瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼均能有效抑制插管时应激反应，同时舒芬太尼更有利于血流动力学稳定。     

臂丛复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉在小儿上肢手术中的应用

目的:观察周围神经刺激器辅助定位下臂丛神经阻滞复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉在小儿上肢手术中应用,评估对血流动力学的影响及术后恢复情况。方法:45例行上肢手术患儿氯胺酮基础麻醉后随机分为3组:臂丛神经阻滞复合氯胺酮静脉麻醉组(BK组,n=15);气管内插管全麻组(G组,n=15);臂丛神经阻滞复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉组(BF组,n=15)。结果:BF组麻醉过程血流动力学参数变化较G、BK组稳定(P<0.05);术后BF组患儿苏醒最快且平稳,与G、BK组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:臂丛神经阻滞复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉应用于小儿上肢手术呼吸循环稳定,术后苏醒更快,家长及医护人员满意度明显提高。