蛛网膜下腔出血的院前诊治体会—附6例病例报告

蛛网膜下腔出血要强调诊断快速、准确,本病特点为突发,“头要裂开”样剧痛,重者伴有颅内压增高表现和神经根刺激征。脑膜刺激征是本病的主要体征。处置：应减少搬动,镇静、止痛,必要时降低血压或颅内压。尽早转入医院治疗。强调：行脑血管形象学检查是进一步找出病因、进行根冶的必须手段。     

International comparison of the treatment of polytraumatized patients

Summary Worldwide there will be an increase in polytraumatized patients. The number of death after trauma will increase from 5,1 Mill. to 8,4 Mill. The reason is the technical progress in the third world. In western countries there was a decrease in trauma death, in Germany below 8.000 due to traffic accidents in 1998. In most countries the paramedic system and ATLS are established (USA, South Africa). Long rescue times and inadequate shock treatment preclinically are the bigest problems in Russia and Greece. Worldwide the institution of trauma centers (Level I, II, III) has brought much better results comparing to nontrauma centers but is economically expensive. The annual number of polytraumatized patients (Level I 600–1.000 severe trauma, > 65 personal experience) is essential for the success rate. Infrastrucure, Algorithmus and the personal experience of the trauma leader are the keys for optimal results. One parameter for Quality measurement is the number of potentially preventable deaths. Retrospective analysis of treatment protocols and pathological results by an expert team is the best practical way. The results of level I trauma teams reach between 1 and 2 % preventable deaths. A further instrument of quality improvement are Trauma registers like in US and England (MTOS) and the German Trauma register of the German Society of Trauma. The Trauma register in Germany contents till now 2.069 polytraumatized patients.The lethality is 18,6 % (ISS 21 ± 13), comparing to MTOS (ISS 12,8 ± 11,3, lethality 9,2 %). The differences in injury pattern show in the US three times more penetrating injuries than in the German Traumaregister (21,1 % versus 7,2 %).      

北京等15个城市脑卒中患者院前时间及影响因素研究

目的 研究北京等15个城市35家医院脑卒中患者到达医院前时间（院前时间）及其影响因素。方法 通过统一的问卷，对2002年6月30日至2003年4月30日发病一周内的2270例脑卒中患者进行调查。除一般资料外，按是否在脑卒中症状发生后6h内到达医院将患者分为两组，对影响脑卒中院前时间的因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 （1）患者的平均年龄为64．8岁，男性占60．2％。缺血性脑卒中为78．8％，出血性脑卒中为21．2％。（2）发病后决定马上去医院的占27，8％。使用急救电话和急救车的比例为27．2％；约1／4患者知道脑卒中后需要马上去医院诊治和溶栓治疗；1／4的患者对脑卒中基本无认识，发病后不知道求救而盲目等待。（3）发病后≤6h到达医院的患者占57．5％；首次就诊地点是急诊室的为58．6％；发病后≤6h到达医院的缺血性脑卒中溶栓率为6．7％。（4）影响脑卒中患者院前时间的多因素分析显示：到达医院的方式、首次就诊的地点、发病地点到医院的距离、是否了解疾病的相关知识是影响患者≤6h到达医院的独立因素。结论 42．5％脑卒中患者不能在发病后6h内到达医院，其院前时间延误的主要原因是对脑卒中知识了解不够、使用急救电话／急救车少、患者转运距离超过20km等。加强公众对脑卒中知识的了解是提高患者6h内到达医院的重要因素。     

Retrospective analysis of 616 air-rescue trauma cases related to the practice of extreme sports

IntroductionExtreme sports (ESs) are increasingly popular, and accidents due to ESs sometimes require helicopter emergency medical services (HEMSs). Little is known about their epidemiology, severity, specific injuries and required rescue operations.AimOur aims were to perform an epidemiological analysis, to identify specific injuries and to describe the characteristic of prehospital procedures in ES accidents requiring HEMSs.MethodsThis is a retrospective study, reviewing all rescue missions dedicated to ESs provided by HEMS REGA Lausanne, from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2008. ES were classified into three categories of practice, according to the type of risk at the time of the fall.ResultsAmong the 616 cases meeting inclusion criteria, 219 (36%) were clearly high-risk ES accidents; 69 (11%) and 328 (53%) were related to potential ES, but with respectively low or indeterminate risk at the time of the fall. In the high-risk ES group, the median age was 32 years and 80% were male. Mortality at 48 h was 11%, almost ten times higher than in the other two groups. The proportion of potentially life-threatening injuries (the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score ≥ 4) was 39% in the high-risk ES group and 13% in the other two groups. Thirty per cent of the cases in the high-risk ES group presented an Injury Severity Score (ISS) >15, compared with 7% in the other groups. Thoracolumbar vertebral fractures were the most common injuries with 32% of all cases having at least one, involving the T12–L2 junction in 56% of cases. The other most frequent injuries were traumatic brain injuries (16%), rib fractures (9%), pneumothorax (8%) and femoral (7%), cervical (7%), ankle (5%) and pelvic (5%) fractures. Median time on site for rescue teams was higher in the confirmed high-risk ES group, with 50% of prehospital missions including at least one environmental difficulty.ConclusionsHigh-risk ESs led to high-energy accidents, characterized by a large proportion of severe injuries and axial traumas (spine, thorax, pelvis and proximal femur). We identified a considerable percentage of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures, mainly in the T12–L2 junction. HEMSs dedicated to high-risk ESs implied longer and more complex interventions.     

Prehospital fast track care for patients with hip fracture: Impact on time to surgery,hospital stay,post-operative complications and mortality a randomised,controlled trial

IntroductionAmbulance organisations in Sweden have introduced prehospital fast track care (PFTC) for patients with suspected hip fracture. This means that the ambulance nurse starts the pre-operative procedure otherwise implemented at the accident & emergency ward (A&E) and transports the patient directly to the radiology department instead of A&E. If the diagnosis is confirmed, the patient is transported directly to the orthopaedic ward. No previous randomised, controlled studies have analysed PFTC to describe its possible advantages.The aim of this study is to examine whether PFTC has any impact on outcomes such as time to surgery, length of stay, post-operative complications and mortality.MethodsThe design of this study is a prehospital randomised, controlled study, powered to include 400 patients. The patients were randomised into PFTC or the traditional care pathway (A&E group).ResultsTime from arrival to start for X-ray was faster for PFTC (mean, 28 vs. 145 min; p < 0.001), but the groups did not differ with regard to time from start of X-ray to start of surgery (mean 18.40 h in both groups). No significant differences between the groups were observed with regard to: time from arrival to start of surgery (p = 0.07); proportion operated within 24 h (79% PFTC, 75% A&E; p = 0.34); length of stay (p = 0.34); post-operative complications (p = 0.75); and 4 month mortality (18% PFTC, 15% A&E p = 0.58).ConclusionPFTC improved time to X-ray and admission to a ward, as expected, but did not significantly affect time to start of surgery, length of stay, post-operative complications or mortality. These outcomes were probably affected by other factors at the hospital. Patients with either possible life-threatening conditions or life-threatening conditions prehospital were excluded.     

Ischemic stroke in Morocco: Prehospital delay and associated factors

ObjectivesThis study aimed to estimate prehospital delay and to identify the factors associated with the late arrival of patients with ischemic stroke at the Souss Massa Regional Hospital Center in Morocco.Patients and methodsAn observational, prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2019 to September 2019 in the Souss Massa regional hospital center, which is a public hospital structure. A questionnaire was administered to patients with ischemic stroke and to bystanders (family or others), while clinical and paraclinical data were collected from medical records. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with delayed arrival at emergency department.ResultsA total of 197 patients and 197 bystanders who fulfilled the criteria for the study were included. The median time from symptom onset to hospital arrival was 6 hours (IQR, 4–16). Multiple regression analysis showed that illiteracy (OR 38.58; CI_95%: 3.40–437.27), waiting for symptoms to disappear (patient behavior) (OR 11.24; CI_95%: 1.57–80.45), deciding to go directly to the hospital (patient behavior) (OR 0.07; CI_95%: 0.01–0.57), bystander's knowledge that stroke is a disease requiring urgent care within a limited therapeutic window (OR 0.005; CI_95%: 0.00–0.36), and direct admission without reference (OR 0.005; CI_95%: 0.00–0.07), were independently associated with late arrival (> 4.5 hours) of patients with acute ischemic stroke. In addition, illiteracy (OR 24.62; CI_95%: 4.37–138.69), vertigo and disturbance of balance or coordination (OR 0.14; CI_95%: 0.03–0.73), the relative's knowledge that stroke is a disease requiring urgent care and within a limited therapeutic window (OR 0.03; CI_95%: 0.00–0.22), calling for an ambulance (relative's behavior) (OR 0.16; CI_95%: 0.03–0.80), distance between 50 and 100 km (OR 10.16; CI_95%: 1.16–89.33), and direct admission without reference (OR 0.03; CI_95%: 0.00–0.14), were independently associated with late arrival (> 6 hours) of patients with acute ischemic stroke.ConclusionPatient behavior, bystander knowledge and direct admission to the competent hospital for stroke care are modifiable factors potentially useful for reducing onset-to-door time, and thereby increasing the implementation rates of acute stroke therapies.     

Airway ultrasound for the confirmation of endotracheal tube placement in cadavers by military flight medic trainees – A pilot study

Objective

Confirming correct endotracheal tube (ETT) placement is a key component of successful airway management. Ultrasound (US) as a tool for the confirmation of ETT placement has been investigated in the hospital setting but not in the pre-hospital setting. We hypothesized that after a short educational session, military flight medic trainees would be able to accurately identify ETT placement in a cadaver model.

Pre-hospital transfusion of post-traumatic hemorrhage: Medical and regulatory aspects

Data of good methodological quality have recently become available to support prehospital use of transfusion in the severe trauma setting. Consistent with recent guidelines for the implementation of damage control resuscitation in the hospital in this setting and in the wake of numerous cohort study data from wartime medicine, they are now guided by recent guidelines for the use of freeze-dried plasma. The main difficulties to overcome in order to implement a practice are of a regulatory and logistic nature.